Genetic mutations and cell maturity as key factors in acute myeloid leukaemia drug resistance
Photo by Tima Miroshnichenko on Pexels
An international study led by the University of Colorado Cancer Center has uncovered why a widely used treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) doesn’t work for everyone. The findings could help doctors better match patients with the therapies most likely to work for them.
Researchers analysed data from 678 AML patients, the largest group studied to date for this treatment, and found that both gene mutations and the maturity of leukaemia cells affect how patients respond to a drug combination of venetoclax and hypomethylating agents (HMA).
“Venetoclax-based therapies are now the most common treatment for newly diagnosed AML,” said Daniel Pollyea, MD, MS, professor of medicine at University of Colorado. “But not all patients respond the same way. Our goal was to figure out why and give doctors better tools to predict outcomes at the start.”
Mutations and maturity of leukaemia cells
AML is a fast-growing cancer of the blood and bone marrow, most often seen in older adults. Many patients can’t tolerate traditional chemotherapy, so doctors treat them with venetoclax plus HMA. This combination has improved survival for many, but some patients still relapse or don’t respond.
The study found that patients with a certain type of AML, called “monocytic,” had worse outcomes especially if they did not have a helpful gene mutation known as NPM1. These patients were also more likely to carry other mutations, such as KRAS, that are linked to drug resistance.
“Patients with monocytic AML and no NPM1 mutation were nearly twice as likely to die from the disease,” said Pollyea. “So, it’s not just about the gene mutations. It’s also about how developed or mature the cancer cells are when treatment begins.”
Previous research often focused only on either genetic mutations or cell type. Pollyea’s team looked at both, giving them a clearer understanding of how these two factors work together to influence treatment response.
Designing therapies that shut down cancer cell escape routes
“We learned that some cancer cells basically find a back door to evade the treatment,” said Pollyea. “By identifying how and why that happens, we can begin designing therapies that shut down those escape routes.”
This is a powerful new way to classify AML patients by risk, enabling doctors to better predict who is likely to respond to venetoclax and who might need another approach.
“This is a major step toward personalised medicine in AML,” said Pollyea. “We’re moving closer to a world where we can look at a patient’s leukaemia on day one and know which therapy gives them the best chance and ultimately improve survival rates.”
Pollyea and his team are working to expand the study with even more patient data and hope to design a clinical trial that uses this model to guide treatment decisions.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) could help the immune system fight cancer, according to recent UCLA research. The study, published in Cell, found that SSRIs significantly enhanced the ability of T cells to fight cancer and suppressed tumour growth across a range of cancer types in both mouse and human tumour models.
“It turns out SSRIs don’t just make our brains happier; they also make our T cells happier – even while they’re fighting tumours,” said Lili Yang, PhD, senior author of the new study. “These drugs have been widely and safely used to treat depression for decades, so repurposing them for cancer would be a lot easier than developing an entirely new therapy.”
According to the CDC, one out of eight adults in the US takes an antidepressant, and SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed. These drugs increase levels of serotonin the brain’s “happiness hormone” by blocking the activity of a protein called serotonin transporter, or SERT.
While serotonin is best known for the role it plays in the brain, it’s also a critical player in processes that occur throughout the body, including digestion, metabolism and immune activity.
Dr Yang and her team first began investigating serotonin’s role in fighting cancer after noticing that immune cells isolated from tumours had higher levels of serotonin-regulating molecules. At first, they focused on MAO-A, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin and other neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine and dopamine.
In 2021, they reported that T cells produce MAO-A when they recognise tumours, which makes it harder for them to fight cancer. They found that treating mice with melanoma and colon cancer using MAO inhibitors, also called MAOIs – the first class of antidepressant drugs to be invented – helped T cells attack tumours more effectively.
However, because MAOIs have safety concerns, including serious side effects and interactions with certain foods and medications, the team turned its attention to a different serotonin-regulating molecule: SERT.
“Unlike MAO-A, which breaks down multiple neurotransmitters, SERT has one job – to transport serotonin,” explained Bo Li, PhD, first author of the study and a senior research scientist in the Yang lab. “SERT made for an especially attractive target because the drugs that act on it – SSRIs – are widely used with minimal side effects.”
The researchers tested SSRIs in mouse and human tumour models representing melanoma, breast, prostate, colon and bladder cancer. They found that SSRI treatment reduced average tumour size by over 50% and made the cancer-fighting T cells, known as killer T cells, more effective at killing cancer cells.
“SSRIs made the killer T cells happier in the otherwise oppressive tumour environment by increasing their access to serotonin signals, reinvigorating them to fight and kill cancer cells,” said Dr Yang, who is also a professor of microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics and a member of the UCLA Health Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.
How SSRIs could boost the effectiveness of cancer therapies
The team also investigated whether combining SSRIs with existing cancer therapies could improve treatment outcomes. They tested a combination of an SSRI and anti-PD-1 antibody – a common immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy – in mouse models of melanoma and colon cancer. ICB therapies block immune checkpoint molecules that normally suppress immune cell activity, allowing T cells to attack tumours more effectively.
The results were striking: the combination significantly reduced tumour size in all treated mice and even achieved complete remission in some cases.
“Immune checkpoint blockades are effective in fewer than 25% of patients,” said James Elsten-Brown, a graduate student in the Yang lab and co-author of the study. “If a safe, widely available drug like an SSRI could make these therapies more effective, it would be hugely impactful.”
To confirm these findings, the team will investigate whether real-world cancer patients taking SSRIs have better outcomes, especially those receiving ICB therapies. About 20% of cancer patients are already taking the medication, Dr Yang said.
Dr Yang added that using existing FDA-approved drugs could speed up the process of bringing new cancer treatments to patients, making this research especially promising.
“Studies estimate the bench-to-bedside pipeline for new cancer therapies costs an average of $1.5 billion,” she said. “When you compare this to the estimated $300 million cost to repurpose FDA-approved drugs, it’s clear why this approach has so much potential.”
Trauma centres in the United States will begin to test a new approach for assessing traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is expected to lead to more accurate diagnoses and more appropriate treatment and follow-up for patients.
The new framework, which was developed by a coalition of experts and patients from 14 countries and spearheaded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), expands the assessment beyond immediate clinical symptoms. Added criteria would include biomarkers, CT and MRI scans, and factors such as other medical conditions and how the trauma occurred.
For 51 years, trauma centres have used the Glasgow Coma Scale to assess patients with TBI, roughly dividing them into mild, moderate, and severe categories, based solely on their level of consciousness and a handful of other clinical symptoms.
That diagnosis determined the level of care patients received in the emergency department and afterward. For severe cases, it also influenced the guidance doctors gave the patients’ families, including recommendations around the removal of life support. Yet, doctors have long understood that those tests did not tell the whole story.
“There are patients diagnosed with concussion whose symptoms are dismissed and receive no follow-up because it’s ‘only’ concussion, and they go on to live with debilitating symptoms that destroy their quality of life,” said corresponding author Geoffrey Manley, MD, PhD, professor of neurosurgery at UC San Francisco and a member of the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences. “On the other hand, there are patients diagnosed with ‘severe TBI’ who were eventually able to live full lives after their families were asked to consider removing life-sustaining treatment.”
In the US, TBI resulted in approximately 70 000 deaths in 2021 and accounts for about half-a-million permanent disabilities each year. Motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assault are the most common causes.
New system will better match patients to treatments
Known as CBI-M, the framework comprises four pillars – clinical, biomarker, imaging, and modifiers – that were developed by working groups of federal partners, TBI experts, scientists, and patients.
“The proposed framework marks a major step forward,” said co-senior author Michael McCrea, PhD, professor of neurosurgery and co-director of the Center for Neurotrauma Research at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. “We will be much better equipped to match patients to treatments that give them the best chance of survival, recovery, and return to normal life function.”
The framework was led by the NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH-NINDS), for which Manley, McCrea, and their co-first and co-senior authors are members of the steering committee on improving TBI characterisation.
The clinical pillar retains the Glasgow Coma Scale’s total score as a central element of the assessment, measuring consciousness and pupil reactivity as an indication of brain function. The framework recommends including the scale’s responses to eye, verbal, and motor commands or stimuli, presence of amnesia, and symptoms like headache, dizziness, and noise sensitivity.
“This pillar should be assessed as first priority in all patients,” said co-senior author Andrew Maas, MD, PhD, emeritus professor of neurosurgery at the Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium. “Research has shown that the elements of this pillar are highly predictive of injury severity and patient outcome.”
Biomarkers, imaging, modifiers offer critical clues to recovery
The second pillar uses biomarkers identified in blood tests to provide objective indicators of tissue damage, overcoming the limitations of clinical assessment that may inadvertently include symptoms unrelated to TBI.
Significantly, low levels of these biomarkers determine which patients do not require CT scans, reducing unnecessary radiation exposure and health care costs. These patients can then be discharged. In those with more severe injuries, CT and MRI imaging – the framework’s third pillar – are important in identifying blood clots, bleeding, and lesions that point to present and future symptoms.
There is no significant difference in the effectiveness of how autistic and non-autistic people communicate, according to a new study, challenging the stereotype that autistic people struggle to connect with others.
The findings, published in Nature Human Behaviour, suggest that social difficulties often faced by autistic people are more about differences in how autistic and non-autistic people communicate, rather than a lack of social ability in autistic individuals, experts say.
Researchers hope the results of the study will help reduce the stigma surrounding autism, and lead to more effective communication support for autistic people.
Direct communication
Autism is a lifelong neurodivergence and disability, and influences how people experience and interact with the world.
Autistic people often communicate more directly and may struggle with reading social cues and body language, leading to differences in how they engage in conversation compared to non-autistic people.
Story sharing
The study, led by experts from the University of Edinburgh, tested how effectively information was passed between 311 autistic and non-autistic people.
Participants were tested in groups where everyone was autistic, everyone was non-autistic, or a combination of both.
The first person in the group heard a story from the researcher, then passed it along to the next person. Each person had to remember and repeat the story, and the last person in the chain recalled the story aloud.
The amount of information passed on at each point in the chain was scored to discern how effective participants were at sharing the story. Researchers found there were no differences between autistic, non-autistic, and mixed groups.
Increased awareness
After the task, participants rated how much they enjoyed the interaction with the other participants, based on how friendly, easy, or awkward the exchange was.
Researchers found that non-autistic people preferred interacting with others like themselves, and autistic people preferred learning from fellow autistic individuals. This is likely down to the different ways that autistic and non-autistic people communicate, experts say.
The findings confirm similar findings from a previous smaller study undertaken by the same researchers. They say the new evidence should lead to increased understanding of autistic communication styles as a difference, not a deficiency.
Autism has often been associated with social impairments, both colloquially and in clinical criteria. Researchers have spent a lot of time trying to ‘fix’ autistic communication, but this study shows that despite autistic and non-autistic people communicating differently it is just as successful. With opportunities for autistic people often limited by misconceptions and misunderstandings, this new research could lead the way to bridging the communication gap and create more inclusive spaces for all.
Dr Catherine Crompton, Chancellor’s Fellow at the University of Edinburgh’s Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences
Kris Jenner’s “new face” has everyone talking – and it’s widely speculated to be the result of a deep plane facelift, a procedure now dubbed the gold standard in facial rejuvenation. Let’s not even get into how Khanyi Mbau’s face broke the internet. The demand for natural-looking, sophisticated facial transformations has reached an all-time high, both globally and here in South Africa.
A global weight loss boom, fuelled by miracle diabetes drugs, has led to an unexpected side effect: the ‘O weight loss face’, marked by hollowed cheeks, sagging jowls, and prematurely aged skin. In turn, this phenomenon has sparked a significant rise in demand for advanced facial rejuvenation, and particularly the deep plane facelift – what experts term ‘the facelift that lifts where it matters most’.
“One of the most common complaints I hear from patients is, ‘I finally have the body I wanted, but my face looks 10 years older,’” says Professor Chrysis Sofianos, one of South Africa’s leading plastic surgeons and experts in deep plane facelifts.
The Gauteng-based specialist notes that he has seen a meteoric increase in consultations from patients seeking to reverse the facial deflation and laxity caused by rapid weight loss.
“This is just one instance where the deep plane facelift truly shines, as it restores natural facial harmony by lifting and repositioning deep tissues, not just tightening the skin. By addressing the deeper structural changes caused by significant weight loss, this approach delivers far more natural outcomes and a timeless look.
The Facelift No One Can See
What sets the deep plane facelift apart? Unlike traditional facelifts that only address the skin’s surface, the deep plane technique lifts beneath the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) layer of tissue to reposition and support the foundational structures of the face. This approach not only rejuvenates the face more effectively than other techniques, but also avoids the tell-tale ‘pulled’ look, offering a more subtle, organic-looking transformation.
Professor Sofianos further enhances his results with the Vertical Restore method, lifting facial tissues vertically – in harmony with the way gravity naturally impacts the face over time. This technique provides holistic rejuvenation of the midface, jawline, neck, and brow, with results that restore youthful contours and expressions.
“Only a handful of surgeons currently offer this breakthrough procedure, and I can confidently state that the deep plane facelift is the gold standard for natural, long-lasting revitalisation.”
According to Professor Sofianos, deep plane facelifts offer several major advantages compared to conventional facelifts:
Superior, long-lasting results: By repositioning deeper facial structures rather than merely tightening the skin, the deep plane facelift offers longer-lasting, more authentic outcomes.
Natural look and movement: The technique avoids excessive skin tension, ensuring the face remains expressive and vibrant – even in motion.
Comprehensive rejuvenation: From sagging jowls and hollow cheeks to neck laxity, the deep plane facelift addresses multiple problem areas in one single, unified procedure.
The Ultimate One-Stop Shop for Aesthetic Excellence and Care
Professor Sofianos’s practice is not only a leader in surgical innovation but also a complete one-stop destination for all aesthetic needs. His clinic offers a full suite of surgical and non-surgical procedures – from advanced facial surgeries to injectables, laser treatments, skin rejuvenation, and body contouring. Each treatment is bespoke and delivered with meticulous care to ensure natural, balanced, and long-lasting results.
What truly sets Professor Sofianos apart, however, is his absolute commitment to patient care. Every facelift is supported by a holistic pre- and post-operative care programme, designed to optimise recovery and results.
A signature component of this is the integration of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), which is included as standard in his facelift packages. HBOT begins around 7–10 days after surgery, dramatically improving oxygen delivery to tissues, speeding up wound healing, reducing bruising and swelling, and significantly shortening overall healing time.
As a result of these additional post-surgical interventions, the typical recovery period is two to three weeks, with most patients able to resume social activities within a month. With comprehensive aftercare – including HBOT and nutrient therapies – patients benefit from accelerated healing and refined results that continue to improve for several months post-surgery.
“The success of a procedure isn’t just about the surgery itself, but about guiding patients through a complete journey from start to finish,” he explains. “My patients receive comprehensive, full-spectrum care – including pre-operative preparation, expert surgical techniques, post-operative hyperbaric therapy, scar management, and continuous follow-ups. It’s this level of commitment that ensures optimal outcomes, supporting patients through every step of their transformation and helping them feel comfortable and secure throughout.”
A Lasting Solution for Facial Rejuvenation in the Weight Loss Era
As weight loss medications continue to help patients address issues with weight management and obesity, experts predict that the demand for facial rejuvenation will only rise.
“This trend has created both challenges and opportunities for plastic surgeons, and in many ways is reshaping our field in real time. The good news for patients is that we’re at the beginning of a new chapter in aesthetic medicine – where a combination of sophisticated surgical techniques and aftercare procedures are helping people achieve what was once thought impossible: natural-looking transformations that truly turn back the clock.”
For those seeking to restore their youthful appearance with confidence and discretion, the deep plane facelift offers an unmatched, cutting-edge solution – delivered with precision, artistry, and unparalleled care by Professor Chrysis Sofianos and his dedicated team.
Taxol is one of the most commonly prescribed chemotherapy drugs for breast, ovarian, cervical, and lung cancer. Yet producing the drug is complex, costly, and environmentally burdensome, as it currently relies on a complicated chemical semi-synthesis. For 30 years, scientists around the world have tried to understand how taxol, a natural compound derived from the Pacific yew tree, forms in nature. Decoding this process would allow for biotech-based production. But the final steps remained unknown – until now.
A research team from the University of Copenhagen has succeeded in finding the two missing pieces: They have identified the enzymes responsible for the two critical final steps in the biosynthetic pathway that makes Taxol active as a drug.
“Taxol has been the Holy Grail in this research field for decades because it’s an exceptionally complex molecule. But with the discovery of the final two enzymes, we now fully understand how it’s formed. This has allowed us to develop a biotechnological method to produce taxol in yeast cells,” says Sotirios Kampranis, Professor at the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and senior author of the study published in Nature Synthesis.
The method involves cloning the taxol-producing genes from the yew tree and inserting them into yeast cells. These engineered yeast cells then become host organisms or micro-factories with the full recipe to produce taxol.
Affecting women in developing countries
The research team from the University of Copenhagen has applied for patenting the method and is in the process of launching a spin-out company to manufacture biosynthetic Taxol.
“Using this method, we can produce Taxol cheaper than current conventional methods. Looking ahead, once we refine the process further, we expect to be able to reduce the cost by half,” says Assistant Professor and first author Feiyan Liang.
Lower prices are especially crucial as ovarian cancer is on the rise globally. The prevalence of the disease is expected to increase by over 55% by 2050, with the vast majority of cases in low and middle-income countries. The number of women dying from ovarian cancer is projected to rise by nearly 70% in the same period.
Currently, taxol costs more than USD20 000 per kilogram, making it one of the most expensive active pharmaceutical ingredients in use.
“We see increasing demand for Taxol in many developing countries, where the high price is a major barrier. We hope our work will contribute to lower-priced drugs so that more people can have access to cancer treatment,” Feiyan Liang says.
Much more sustainable
The new method is not only more cost-effective but also more sustainable than chemical synthesis. One advantage is that the procedure does not involve harmful chemicals and solvents common in chemical production. Another advantage is that it allows the use of more crude, less purified extracts from yew needles as starting material – much cheaper than the ultra-pure inputs required in chemical semi-synthesis. On top of that, the materials can be recycled.
“We want to show that it’s possible to build a biotechnological drug production that is both sustainable and low-cost. There are very few examples of that today, but we now have the foundation to make it happen,” says Sotirios Kampranis.
TWO TREES PER TREATMENT
Taxol was originally extracted from the inside bark of the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia), but as the taxol content in the bark is very low, harvesting it meant removing all the bark and as a result of this killing the tree.
Yew trees take 70 to 100 years to mature. Producing just one treatment required about two trees, making this method highly unsustainable. It was abandoned years ago, though wild yew trees are still under pressure in some regions.
Today’s most common method involves harvesting a similar compound from yew needles for chemical synthesis, but the cost of this process is still high, which is why the average price of taxol exceeds USD 20 000 per kilogram (source: pharmacompass.com).
Lungile Kasapato, Chief Executive Officer of PPO Serve
The South African commercial health sector is at a critical juncture, grappling with a severe imbalance that threatens its sustainability and the accessibility of quality care. The dominance of the hospital sector and the deficient state of primary care, are creating an unsustainable system that demands urgent reform, says Chief Executive Officer of PPO Serve, Lungile Kasapato, speaking at the Board of Healthcare Funders (BHF) conference, held in Cape Town from 10-14 May.
“Primary care in the South African commercial health sector is underpowered, compared with a dominant hospital sector, that is pulling the system off-kilter, as a consequence,” Kasapato said.
She identifies a weak and disjointed primary care system as a key driver of this imbalance, underfunded by limited out of hospital benefits and exacerbated by the fee-for-service payment model, which incentivises fragmented care and counterproductive competition. This model leads to GPs competing with specialists for limited out-of-hospital benefits, hindering the collaborative approach needed for optimal patient outcomes.
“Incentives exist to deliver high volumes of covered services, rather than those which will produce the best outcomes and value,” she explains, highlighting the misalignment of financial incentives that the patient, and the medical scheme, needs.
The problem is further compounded by managed care models, which Kasapato suggests can inappropriately shift clinical accountability to funders who lack direct patient interaction. She is also wary of the conflicting roles of scheme administrators, who can profit from being both payers and providers, undermining the “not for profit” ethos of medical schemes and stifling innovation.
Kasapato stresses the crucial role of payers in strategically purchasing care from professionals working in multidisciplinary care teams. By doing so, payers foster healthy competition among these teams, with performance measured by outcomes and efficiency. She points to the contracting model between Government Employees Medical Scheme (GEMS) and PPO Serve’s The Value Care Team as an example, which involves a monthly global fee, adjusted for patient risk. Significant additional fees are linked to performance.
The effectiveness of this approach has been demonstrated in a three-year pilot with GEMS, which resulted in a 29.6% reduction in medical admissions and a 7% decrease in patient bed days, along with a 39% increase in flu vaccine uptake amongst at-risk patients. “That’s not just better care – it’s better use of every rand spent,” she said, highlighting the financial benefits of improved care co-ordination.
Kasapato proposes a fundamental shift towards healthy partnerships built around multidisciplinary GP-led teams. This is the approach of The Value Care Team, which emphasises co-ordinated care delivery. In this approach, clinical teams, allied health workers, alternative care facilities, and community-based organisations are integrated, with care co-ordinators guiding patients through the system. This structure aims to reduce waste, minimise unnecessary hospitalisations, and prioritise preventative care.
“Teams work together to deliver quality, efficient care within local resources, including collaboration with allied health workers, alternative care facilities and community-based organisations,” explains Kasapato.
Looking ahead, Kasapato stresses the urgency of addressing unhealthy competition and rebalancing the system to ensure long-term sustainability and progress towards universal healthcare. She cautions against short-sighted solutions like discounted fee-for-service networks and scheme-led managed care, which offer only temporary relief.
“After decades of imbalance, we’ve found ourselves in a situation where the vast majority of people living in South Africa cannot afford to access our badly structured healthcare resources,” says Kasapato.
Instead of sustaining a flawed system with solutions like isolated telehealth and pharmacy nurse clinics, Kasapato is calling for a fundamental transformation; “Let’s stop propping up a system in need of transformation and focus our efforts on partnerships that strengthen primary care delivery, bringing it into balance with hospital-based care and addressing the major challenges that the commercial sector is facing.”
Researchers from the University of Tokyo have found a way to observe clotting activity in blood as it happens – without needing invasive procedures. Using a new type of microscope and artificial intelligence (AI), their study shows how platelet clumping can be tracked in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), opening the door to safer, more personalised treatment.
“Platelets play a crucial role in heart disease, especially in CAD, because they are directly involved in forming blood clots,” explained Dr Kazutoshi Hirose, an assistant professor at the University of Tokyo Hospital and lead author of the study in Nature Communications. “To prevent dangerous clots, patients with CAD are often treated with antiplatelet drugs. However, it’s still challenging to accurately evaluate how well these drugs are working in each individual, which makes monitoring platelet activity an important goal for both doctors and researchers.”
That challenge pushed Hirose and his collaborators to develop a new system for monitoring platelets in motion, using a high-speed optical device and artificial intelligence.
“We used an advanced device called a frequency-division multiplexed (FDM) microscope, which works like a super high-speed camera that takes sharp pictures of blood cells in flow,” said co-author Yuqi Zhou, an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Tokyo . “Just like traffic cameras capture every car on the road, our microscope captures thousands of images of blood cells in motion every second. We then use artificial intelligence to analyse those images. The AI can tell whether it’s looking at a single platelet (like one car), a clump of platelets (like a traffic jam), or even a white blood cell tagging along (like a police car caught in the jam).”
The research team applied this technique to blood samples from over 200 patients. Their images revealed that patients with acute coronary syndrome had more platelet aggregates than those with chronic symptoms – supporting the idea that this technology can track clotting risk in real time.
“Part of my scientific curiosity comes from the recent advances in high-speed imaging and artificial intelligence, which have opened up new ways to observe and analyse blood cells in motion,” said Keisuke Goda, a professor of chemistry at the University of Tokyo who led the research team. “AI can ‘see’ patterns beyond what the human eye can detect.”
One of the most important findings was that a simple blood drawn from the arm – rather than from the heart’s arteries – provided nearly the same information.
“Typically, if doctors want to understand what’s happening in the arteries, especially the coronary arteries, they need to do invasive procedures, like inserting a catheter through the wrist or groin to collect blood,” said Hirose. “What we found is that just taking a regular blood sample from a vein in the arm can still provide meaningful information about platelet activity in the arteries. That’s exciting because it makes the process much easier, safer and more convenient.”
The long-term hope is that this technology will help doctors better personalise heart disease treatment.
“Just like some people need more or less of a painkiller depending on their body, we found that people respond differently to antiplatelet drugs. In fact, some patients are affected by recurrent thrombosis and others are suffering from recurrences of bleeding events even on the same antiplatelet medications,” said Hirose. “Our technology can help doctors see how each individual’s platelets are behaving in real time. That means treatments could be adjusted to better match each person’s needs.”
“Our study shows that even something as small as a blood cell can tell a big story about your health,” Zhou added.
A study in stroke patients shows the brain’s vision-language connection shapes object knowledge
A schematic view of the main findings, adapted from a brain figure in the study. Image credit: Adapted from Liu Bet al., 2025, PLOS Biology, CC-BY 4.0
Our ability to store information about familiar objects depends on the connection between visual and language processing regions in the brain, according to a study published May 20th in the open-access journal PLOS Biology by Bo Liu from Beijing Normal University, China, and colleagues.
Seeing an object and knowing visual information about it, like its usual colour, activate the same parts of the brain. Seeing a yellow banana, for example, and knowing that the object represented by the word “banana” is usually yellow, both excite the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOTC). However, there’s evidence that parts of the brain involved in language, like the dorsal anterior temporal lobe (ATL), are also involved in this process – dementia patients with ATL damage, for example, struggle with object colour knowledge, despite having relatively normal visual processing areas. To understand whether communication between the brain’s language and sensory association systems is necessary for representing information about objects, the authors tested whether stroke-induced damage to the neural pathways connecting these two systems impacted patients’ ability to match objects to their typical colour. They compared colour-identification behaviour in 33 stroke patients to 35 demographically-matched controls, using fMRI to record brain activity and diffusion imaging to map the white matter connections between language regions and the VOTC.
The researchers found that stronger connections between language and visual processing regions correlated with stronger object color representations in the VOTC, and supported better performance on object color knowledge tasks. These effects couldn’t be explained by variations in patients’ stroke lesions, related cognitive processes (like simply recognizing a patch of color), or problems with earlier stages of visual processing. The authors suggest that these results highlight the sophisticated connection between vision and language in the human brain.
The authors add, “Our findings reveal that the brain’s ability to store and retrieve object perceptual knowledge – like the colour of a banana – relies on critical connections between visual and language systems. Damage to these connections disrupts both brain activity and behaviour, showing that language isn’t just for communication – it fundamentally shapes how sensory experiences are neurally structured into knowledge.”
As the world marks Nurses Day this month, this annual anniversary has shone a sharp spotlight on the realities facing this group of South African heroes and heroines. With many battling burnout, bracing for further staff shortages and trying to find ways to absorb the impact of global funding cuts, Fundi is inviting the country to get behind our nurses and celebrate their daily untold contribution to our local communities.
Recent announcements by the United States to slash foreign aid to global health programmes (including PEPFAR, which funds major HIV initiatives in South Africa) sent shockwaves through our local healthcare sector.
“For nurses already stretched to breaking point, this was yet another blow,” notes Mary Maponya, Fundi Executive Head: Lending. “This isn’t just about money disappearing from a spreadsheet. It’s about support being taken from clinics, treatment delays growing longer and nurses being asked to pick up even more of the slack. We need to acknowledge that nurses are the pulse of public healthcare in South Africa – and that pulse is under pressure.”
Maponya says this is why it was so important for Fundi to find ways to add its voice of thanks and appreciation for nurses this month – including sponsoring and attending Denosa events in Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal. “Department of Health employees make up 16% of our total loan book, with a high proportion of these being nurses,” she explains. “They are a growing sector; continuously investing in their own self-development as a means of deepening their vocations and contribution.”
Fundi’s presence at these events made it possible to engage meaningfully with nurses on the ground; building relationships and understanding how best to continue to provide support around career advancement in particular.
“We are also be running a social media campaign until 23 May where frontline nurses can win free lunch for the week – with Uber Eats delivering it straight to their workplace to lighten the load. Small acts of kindness and appreciation make all the difference,” says Maponya. “And that’s exactly what we’re hoping this campaign will do!”
According to the South African Nursing Council, South Africa has just over 280 000 registered nurses[1], with many nearing retirement age. Meanwhile, nurse emigration is accelerating as we struggle to keep our local nurses employed and supported[2]. “It is estimated that our country will need over 100 000 new nurses by 2030 to maintain even basic healthcare coverage[3],” Maponya explains. “With the bulk of patient care still falling on nurses – from vaccinations and chronic disease management to trauma response – the pressure on these individuals is relentless.”
Amid these systemic failings, one thing is clear however: South Africa’s nurses continue showing up with grace and courage. “This was perhaps the most important take-out from the DENOSA engagement. Our nurses show-up each day – safeguarding the life and health of their patients. These remarkable individuals remain our first line of defence during pandemics, pregnancies, mental health emergencies and more. If we want a healthier South Africa, we must protect the protectors. We need to continue investing in our nurses not just during Nurses Month, but every single day,” she concludes.
