Category: Mental Health

Categories : Mental HealthTags :

Long Hours Worsen Depression Risk in New Doctors

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As work hours increase, new doctors are at greater risk of depression, according to a study in the New England Journal of Medicine. Working 90 or more hours a week was associated with changes in depression symptom scores three times larger than the change in depression symptoms among those working 40 to 45 hours a week.

Additionally, compared to those working normal hours, those working more hours had greater odds of scores equating to moderate to severe depression.

By means of advanced statistical methods, the researchers emulated a randomised clinical trial using data on more than 17 000 first-year medical residents, accounting for many other factors in the doctors’ personal and professional lives. Less than 5% met the criteria for moderate to severe depression.

They found a “dose response” effect between hours worked and depression symptoms, with an average symptom increase of 1.8 points on a standard scale for those working 40 to 45 hours, ranging up to 5.2 points for those working more than 90 hours. They conclude that, among all the stressors affecting physicians, working a large number of hours is a major contributor to depression.

The data come from the Intern Health Study, based at the Michigan Neuroscience Institute and the Eisenberg Family Depression Center. Each year, the study recruits new medical school graduates to take part in a year of tracking of their depressive symptoms, work hours, sleep and more while they complete the first year of residency, also called the intern year.

The impact of high numbers of work hours

Though the interns in the study reported a wide range of previous-week work hours, the most common work hour levels were between 65 to 80 hours per week.

The authors say their findings point to a clear need to further reduce the number of hours residents work each week on average.

“This analysis suggests strongly that reducing the average number of work hours would make a difference in the degree to which interns’ depressive symptoms increase over time, and reduce the number who develop diagnosable depression,” said Amy Bohnert, PhD, the study’s senior author and a professor at the U-M Medical School. “The key thing is to have people work fewer hours; you can more effectively deal with the stresses or frustrations of your job when you have more time to recover.”

Yu Fang, MSE, the study’s lead author and a research specialist at the Michigan Neuroscience Institute, notes that the number of hours is important, but so are the training opportunities that come from time spent in hospitals and clinics. “It is important to use the time spent at work for supervised learning opportunities, and not low-value clinical service tasks,” she says.

Source: Michigan Medicine – University of Michigan

Categories : General Interest Mental HealthTags :

Working with Robots Increases Job Burnout for Humans

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Having jobs be replaced by robots is a common fear for workers in all sectors of the economy. Working alongside robots may contribute to job burnout and workplace incivility, but self-affirmation techniques could help alleviate fears about being replaced by these machines, according to research published online in the Journal of Applied Psychology [PDF].

Researchers found that workers in the United States and parts of Asia feel job insecurity from robots, even in industries where robots aren’t being used, and those fears may not be justified, said lead researcher Kai Chi Yam, PhD, an associate professor of management at the National University of Singapore.

“Some economists theorise that robots are more likely to take over blue-collar jobs faster than white-collar jobs,” Dr Yam said. “However, it doesn’t look like robots are taking over that many jobs yet, at least not in the United States, so a lot of these fears are rather subjective.”

Researchers conducted experiments and analysed data from participants in the US, Singapore, India and Taiwan.

Working with industrial robots was linked to greater reports of burnout and workplace incivility in an experiment with 118 engineers employed by an Indian auto manufacturing company.

An online experiment with 400 participants found that self-affirmation exercises, where people are encouraged to think positively about themselves and their uniquely human characteristics, may help lessen workplace robot fears. Participants wrote about characteristics or values that were important to them, such as friends and family, a sense of humour or athletics.

“Most people are overestimating the capabilities of robots and underestimating their own capabilities,” Dr Yam said.

Fears about job insecurity from robots are common. The researchers analysed data about the prevalence of robots in 185 U.S. metropolitan areas along with the overall use of popular job recruiting sites in those areas (LinkedIn, Indeed, etc). Areas with the highest robot use also had the highest rates of job recruiting site searches, even though unemployment rates weren’t higher in those areas. The researchers theorised that people in these areas may have felt more job insecurity because of robots, but that there could be other reasons, such as people seeking new careers or feeling dissatisfied with their current jobs.

Another experiment comprised 343 parents of students at the National University of Singapore who were randomly assigned to three groups. One group read an article about the use of robots in businesses, the second group read a general article about robots, and the third read an unrelated article. Then the participants were surveyed about their job insecurity concerns, with the first group reporting significantly higher levels of job insecurity than the two other groups.

While some people may have legitimate concerns about losing their jobs to robots, some media coverage may be unnecessarily heightening fears among the general public, Dr Yam said.

“Media reports on new technologies like robots and algorithms tend to be apocalyptic in nature, so people may develop an irrational fear about them,” he said.

Source: American Psychological Association

Categories : Mental Health Obstetrics & GynaecologyTags :

Biological Changes in Mothers Experiencing Postpartum Depression

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Woman with depression
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Newly discovered biological changes in mothers who suffer postpartum depression may help explain the condition, yield long-sought treatments and let doctors identify those at risk even before their babies are born. The findings were published in Molecular Psychiatry.

Postpartum depression strikes up to 20% of new mothers, and roughly 20% of maternal deaths after childbirth are from suicide. Postpartum depression can cause anxiety and irritability, feelings of self-doubt and difficulty bonding with the baby, cognitive impairment, and interfering with sleeping and eating. For the child, maternal postpartum depression can lead to cognitive, emotional and social development problems.

Risk factors for postpartum depression are thought to include the mother’s age at childbirth, diabetes and prior history of mental health issues. But the new discovery suggests a previously unknown biological contributor: an impairment of the body’s ability to clean up old genetic material and other cellular debris.

“The finding that cells aren’t cleaning out old proteins and cellular debris, called autophagy, occurs before women develop depression symptoms, indicating that it could be part of the disease process,” explained Jennifer L. Payne, MD, director of the Reproductive Psychiatry Research Program at the University of Virginia School of Medicine. “There are several medications that promote autophagy in cells, so this finding might open the door to new treatments and to identification of women at risk of postpartum depression before they become ill.”

Understanding Postpartum Depression

Dr Payne and colleagues wanted to determine if ‘extracellular RNA communication’, a newly discovered form of communication among cells, might contribute to postpartum depression. Extracellular RNA communication is heightened during pregnancy and is critical in embryo implantation and in the body’s inflammatory response afterward.

The researchers analysed blood plasma samples from 14 research participants with and without postpartum depression, collected during and after their pregnancies. The researchers found that extracellular RNA communication in immune cells was altered extensively in women who suffered postpartum depression. Further, they determined that this “large and consistent” change significantly limited the women’s bodies’ ability to perform important cellular cleanup – suggesting a potential biological cause for their depression.

“Deficits in autophagy are thought to cause toxicity that may lead to the changes in the brain and body associated with depression,” Dr Payne said. “We have never fully understood the biological basis for postpartum depression, and this finding gets us closer to an understanding.”

Source: University of Virginia Health System

Categories : Mental HealthTags :

Depression Risk Increases with Greater Social Media Use

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A recent study published in the Journal of Affective Disorders Reports has found that young adults who use more social media are significantly more likely to develop depression within six months, regardless of personality type. 

“Previous research has linked the development of depression with numerous factors,” the authors noted. “However, the literature has been lacking in studies that focus on how various personality characteristics may interact with social media use and depression. This new study addressed these important research questions, finding strong and linear associations of depression across all personality traits.”

People with high agreeableness were found to be 49% less likely to become depressed than people with low agreeableness. Additionally, those with high neuroticism were twice as likely to develop depression than those with low neuroticism when using more than 300 minutes of social media per day. More importantly, for each personality trait, social media use was strongly associated with the development of depression.

A 2018 sample of 18–30 year old US adults was analysed with the Patient Health Questionnaire to measure depression. Social media was measured by asking participants how much daily time was spent using popular social media platforms, and personality was measured using the Big Five Inventory, which assessed openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. 

The authors suggest that problematic social comparison can enhance negative feelings of oneself and others, which could explain how risk of depression increases with increased social media use. Engaging primarily in negative content can also enhance these feelings. And lastly, engaging in more social media reduces opportunities for in-person interactions and activities outside of the home.

Depression has been noted as the leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. This makes these findings even more pronounced for creating health interventions and prevention efforts.

“Findings from this study are important during a time of technology expansion and integration,” said author Renae Merrill said, a doctoral student when writing the paper. “Connecting to people virtually may increase the risk of miscommunication or misperception that leads to relationship difficulties and potential risk for developing mental health problems.” 

“People have innate emotional needs for social connection and understanding,” Merrill added. “For example, social media experiences can be improved by becoming more aware of our emotions and our connection with others in various life circumstances. This awareness helps improve relationship quality by simply reaching shared meaning and understanding through more effective communication and concern for others and ourselves. Despite our differences, we have the ability to create a culture of empathy and kindness.” 

Source: University of Arkansas

Categories : Mental Health Metabolic DisordersTags :

Genes and Environment Bridge Depression and Endocrine-metabolic Disorders

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While endocrine-metabolic disorders and depression are known to co-occur, genetic and environmental factors are known to underlie both. In a study examining the link, published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, analysis revealed the balance of genetic and environmental influences underlying the co-occurrence of depression for a range of endocrine-metabolic disorders.

It is known that there is elevated co-occurrence between endocrine-metabolic disorders and depression, but the relationship between them is still not well understood.

Familial aggregation

The authors identified 2.2 million individuals born in Sweden between 1973 and 1996, as well as their full and half siblings, and followed them up to age 40. A number of medical conditions were studied; depression and various endocrine-metabolic disorders, including three autoimmune diseases (autoimmune hypothyroidism, Graves’ disease, and type 1 diabetes) and three non-autoimmune disorders (type 2 diabetes, obesity, and polycystic ovary syndrome).

Individuals with endocrine-metabolic disorders had 1.4 to 3.5 times the risk of depression compared to people without these diagnoses. Full and half siblings of these individuals also showed some elevated risk for depression, suggesting that genetic and/or environmental risk factors shared between family members play a role in the co-occurrence of these mental and physical disorders.

Genetic and environmental contributions

By comparing pairs of full sibling (who share about half of their genes) to pairs of half siblings (who share about a quarter of their genes), it was possible to calculate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the co-occurrence of depression and various endocrine-metabolic disorders. 

The results were a mix of these possibilities; the overlap between depression and non-autoimmune conditions was mainly explained by shared genetic influences, while environmental factors were predominantly involved in the association between depression and autoimmune disorders, particularly type 1 diabetes.

This indicates that the link between depression and different endocrine-metabolic disorders may be driven by different mechanisms. For example, shared biological mechanisms, such as immuno-inflammatory and metabolic dysregulations, may underlie the co-occurrence of depression and type 2 diabetes, obesity, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. In contrast, the absence of shared genetics in the association between type 1 diabetes and depression may reflect the existence of environmental factors influencing the risk of both conditions and/or a direct link between these conditions through mediating factors – eg, biological and psychosocial mechanisms connected to type 1 diabetes, including inflammation, cerebral damage, as well as stress of this lifelong condition that is often diagnosed early in life and that requires a complex management regime for both patients and their families.

“Our results underscore that clinicians should be aware of increased risks of depression in individuals with endocrine-metabolic disorders, and vice versa, and be vigilant for shared symptoms. This study also provides a useful foundation for future research aimed at identifying and targeting the biological mechanisms and modifiable risk factors underlying the co-presentation of endocrine-metabolic disorders and depression”, said Marica Leone, first author for the study.

Source: Karolinska Institutet

Categories : Mental Health NeurologyTags :

Unlocking the Complex Neurological Puzzle of Depression

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Source: Pixabay

By studying the brains of fruit flies, which share similar mechanisms to human ones, scientists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) are attempting to gain a better understanding of depression-like states and thus improve means of treating them. Their findings include the effect of Asian traditional medicine and its mode of preparation, and the effect of timing, such as getting a reward in the evening as opposed to other times of the day. The results were published recently in the journal Current Biology.

One aspect of their research “We have been looking at the effects of natural substances used in traditional Asian medicine, such as in Ayurveda, in our Drosophila fly model,” explained Professor Roland Strauss at JGU. “Some of these could have an anti-depressive potential or prophylactically strengthen resilience to chronic stress, so that a depression-like state might not even develop.”

The researchers intend to demonstrate efficacy, find optimal formulations, and isolate the active substances from the plant, which could lead to new drugs.

“In the Drosophila model we can pinpoint exactly where these substances are active because we are able to analyse the entire signalling chain,” Strauss pointed out. “Furthermore, every stage in the signalling pathway can also be proven.” The researchers subject the flies to a mild form of recurrent stress, such as irregular phases of vibration of the substrate. This treatment results in the development of a depression-like state (DLS) in the flies, ie, they move more slowly, do not stop to examine unexpectedly encountered sugar, and, unlike their more relaxed counterparts, are less willing to climb wide gaps. Whether or not the natural substances have an effect depends on the preparation of each natural substance, eg, whether it has been extracted with water or alcohol.

The research team has also discovered that if they reward the flies for 30 minutes on the evening of a stressful day, by offering them food with a higher sugar content than usual, or by activating the reward signalling pathway, this can prevent DLS developing. Flies have sugar receptors on their tarsi (the lower part of their legs) and their proboscis, while the end of the signalling pathway at which serotonin is released onto the mushroom body (equivalent to the human hippocampus) have also been located.

The researchers’ investigations showed that the pathway was considerably more complex than anticipated. Three different neurotransmitter systems have to be activated until the serotonin deficiency at the mushroom body, which is present in flies in a DLS, is compensated for by reward. One of these three systems is the dopaminergic system, which also signals reward in humans. Humans might obtain a reward through something other than sugar.

Boosting resilience by preventing depression

In addition, the researchers decided to look for resilience factors in the fly genome. The team intends to find out whether and how the genomes of flies that are able to better cope with stress differ from those that develop a DLS in response to exposure to recurrent mild stress. The hope is that in the future it will be possible to diagnose genetic susceptibility to depression in humans – and then treat this with the natural substances that are also being investigated during the project.

Source: Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet Mainz

Categories : Mental HealthTags :

Explaining the Power of ‘Super-recognisers’

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Old man with magnifying glass
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Some people have the ability to never forget a face, and some help police departments and security agencies identify suspects. It is only now that researchers have come to understand a bit more about this ability, which until now was believed to derive from photographic memory.

In a paper published in Psychological Science, psychologists challenged this view, proving that super-recognisers look at faces just like all of us, but do it faster and more accurately. 

UNSW Sydney researcher and study lead author, Dr James Dunn, explained that when super-recognisers catch a glimpse of a new face, they divide it into parts and then store these in the brain as composite images.

“They are still able to recognise faces better than others even when they can only see smaller regions at a time. This suggests that they can piece together an overall impression from smaller chunks, rather than from a holistic impression taken in a single glance,” Dr Dunn said. 

Co-lead author Dr Sebastien Miellet, University of Wollongong (UOW) expert in active vision, used eye-tracking technology to analyse how super-recognisers scan and process faces and their parts. 

“With much precision, we can see not only where people look but also which bits of visual information they use,” Dr Miellet said.

When studying super-recognisers’ visual processing patterns, Dr Dunn and Dr Miellet realised that contrary to typical recognisers, super-recognisers focused less on the eye region, instead distributing their gaze more evenly than typical viewers, extracting information from other facial features, particularly when learning faces. 

“So the advantage of super-recognisers is their ability to pick up highly distinctive visual information and put all the pieces of a face together like a puzzle, quickly and accurately,” Dr Miellet said. 

The researchers will continue to study the super-recogniser population. Dr Miellet says that one hypothesis is that super-recognisers’ superpower may stem from a particular curiosity and behavioural interest in others. Super-recognisers may also be more empathetic. 

“In the next stages of our study, we’ll equip some super-recognisers and typical viewers with a portable eye tracker and release them onto the streets to observe, not in the lab but in real life, how they interact with the world,” Dr Miellet said. 

Source: University of Wollongong Australia

Categories : Mental Health PaediatricsTags :

Half of Moms of Autistic Children Have High Depressive Symptoms

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About 50% of all mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) had raised levels of depressive symptoms over 18 months, while rates were much lower (6% to 13.6%) for mothers with neurotypical children in the same period, according to a new study in Family Process.

Additionally, thought past studies suggest that having a parent with depression increases the child’s risk of mental health and behaviour problems, this study found something different.

“We found mothers’ higher symptoms of depression did NOT predict increases in children’s behaviour problems over time, including among families with a child with autism who experience a lot of stress,” said first author and UCSF Assistant Professor Danielle Roubinov. “That was surprising and good news.”

“Being the parent of a child with special needs is inherently challenging every day,” noted senior author UCSF Professor Elissa Epel. “It is a prototypical example of chronic stress, which is why we have been focusing on caregiving moms in our studies that examine effects of stress on health.”

“We already know from this sample that mothers with more depression tend to have signs of faster biological aging, such as lower levels of the anti-aging hormone klotho and older immune cells, on average,” added Prof Epel. “Here, we wanted to understand the impact of their depression on their child, and vice versa.”

A One-Way Street

Child behaviour problems predicted higher levels of maternal depression down the road, regardless of ASD status. The inverse effect was not seen, ie prior maternal depression didn’t predict later child behaviour problems.

Asst Prof Roubinov said that mothers of children with ASD need not feel guilty over their depressions impact on their children’s behaviours. “We hope these findings will reassure mothers that it’s both common to struggle with some depression in this high-stress situation of chronic caregiving, and that their depression likely isn’t making their child’s behavioural issues worse.”

Self-blame and guilt among parents of ASD children is common and predicts worsening depression and lower life satisfaction over time, the team’s past research shows.

In the current study, the researchers repeatedly measured maternal depression and children’s behaviour problems in 86 mother-child dyads across 18 months. Half of the mothers had children with ASD and half had neurotypical children. The children were aged 2–17 years old, with 75% being primary school age or younger.

Maternal depression was measured using the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, a self-report scale completed by mothers. Child behaviour was measured through maternal report on the Child’s Challenging Behavior Scale, which focuses on externalising behaviours such as tantrums, aggression and defiance.

Few studies on maternal depression, child behaviour in ASD context

Bidirectional associations between maternal depression and child behaviour problems have been reported in prior research but few studies have examined these relationships in families with autism.

Families with autism tend to experience more marital conflict, lower relationship satisfaction, and many other challenges, said Ass Prof Roubinov, noting that a “stressful family environment may spill over onto family members” and changing their interactions. “We wanted to see whether the link between maternal and child mental health was different in the context of a high-stress family system, such as when a child has autism.”

Although the study acknowledged that families with a child with ASD experience high levels of stress, the authors were cautious to note that stress is not their only defining characteristic.

“Many mothers of children with autism also report high levels of emotional closeness and positive interactions with their children,” Asst Prof Roubinov said. “These are important experiences that supportive programs can build upon.”

The researchers offered mindfulness classes after the study to the participants to help manage parenting stress, and this improved their mental health.

It is important to experience and notice positive emotions and joy, despite having a more challenging life situation, said Prof Epel.

“Given the effects of chronic stress on health and mood, caregiving parents need extraordinary emotional support in addition to the special services for their child,” she said. “It’s as vital to provide support for parents’ mental health as it is for children’s mental health.”

Physicians should be on the lookout for parental distress and ready to offer resources for parents, especially for parents of special needs children, she said. The researchers said future studies should also look at associations between maternal depression and children’s internalising symptoms (eg, withdrawal, anxiety, emotional reactivity).

Source: University of California – San Francisco

Categories : COVID Mental HealthTags :

Distressed Individuals were Strong on COVID Vaccination but Lax on Social Distancing

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COVID heat map. Photo by Giacomo Carra on Unsplash

During the COVID pandemic, individuals who were distressed, showing signs of anxiety or depression, were less likely to follow recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, yet they were more likely to get vaccinated than non-distressed peers.

The authors refer to this as differential distress: when people act safely in one aspect while disregarding safety in another, both in response to the same psychological distress. This creates a conundrum for those trying to determine how best to communicate risks and best practices to the public.

Their study of 810 people revealed that distress was less likely to affect older people either way, despite their higher risk for severe outcomes if infected with SARS-CoV-2. Reported in Frontiers in Psychology, the findings suggest that fear messaging, which is intended to scare people and can increase their levels of distress, may not be the most effective way to encourage people to change behaviours.

“These findings do not point to a straightforward public health messaging campaign,” said Professor Joel Myerson, study leader. “Instead, officials may have to consider more finely tailored messages for different populations in order to achieve best outcomes: more attention to CDC recommendations as well as more people getting vaccinated.”

In a previous study, the researchers looked at social distancing and hygiene behaviours across a range of demographics. The results suggested that distress was closely tied to the way people responded to recommendations about social distancing. People who were more distressed were less likely to observe social distancing recommendations, perhaps as a way to maintain social connections that can ease anxiety and depression.

In the latest work, researchers again asked people about their adherence to the latest CDC recommendations, including newer recommendations outlining when to wear a mask and suggesting that people avoid spending lots of time inside with others. The results showed similar correlations to the previous study among age, distress and behaviour changes.

In terms of public health and effective messaging, one of the most pressing issues to arise after publication of the first study was the introduction of vaccines and the perceptions around them. Looking at four categories, fully vaccinated; partially vaccinated; unvaccinated but likely to get one; unvaccinated and unlikely to get one, researchers found:

  • People who had been fully vaccinated were more likely than those who were partially vaccinated to have close interactions with others following their shots.
  • Relative to those who said they were unlikely to get vaccinated, those who said they were likely to do so thought their chance of infection was higher.
  • Depending on the person’s age, they responded differently to the same level of stress. Overall, for example, the higher level of distress someone had, the less likely they were to social distance, but the more likely they were to get vaccinated. Both of these correlations became weaker, however, as people aged.

Fear messaging that tries to scare people into following guidelines tends to be useful only for a one-time event, Green said. “Ostensibly, getting vaccinated should count as such an event.” But as breakthrough cases increase and boosters add up, vaccinations are no longer one and done; they are instead a series of events, spread out over more than a year.

Although fear-based messaging may encourage younger people to get vaccinated, it also weakens their resolve to mitigation behaviours like social distancing. Not doing both poses a greater breakthrough infection risk.

Messaging also becomes less effective as people age, just as they become more vulnerable to severe illness.

“Part of the solution to the problem of differential distress may be to avoid the distress altogether,” said Professor Leonard Green, study co-lead. This would entail forgoing the fear campaign. Instead, a gentler approach may be warranted. “Our previous work suggests that what really motivates many people to change behaviours for the better is considering how their actions can benefit, or harm, other people.”

Source: Washington University in St. Louis

Categories : Mental HealthTags :

Psychedelic Experiences and Near-death Experiences Reduce Fear

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Researchers comparing psychedelic experiences with near-death experiences that were not drug related found notable similarities in people’s attitudes toward death. In a survey-based study published in the journal PLOS ONE, participants in both groups reported having less fear of death and dying after the experience. They also reported that the experience had a lasting positive effect, providing personal meaning, spiritual significance and psychological insight.

The results are in line with a number of previous trials showing that a single treatment with the psychedelic psilocybin produced sustained decreases in anxiety and depression among patients with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis. The largest of these trials was conducted at Johns Hopkins Medicine by the researchers, and involved 51 patients with cancer with anxiety or depressive symptoms. It demonstrated that psilocybin with supportive psychotherapy resulted in significant increases in ratings of death acceptance, as well as decreases in anxiety about death.

For the present study, the researchers analysed data gathered from 3192 people who answered an online survey between December 2015 and April 2018. Of these, 933 individuals had non-drug near-death experiences, and the rest of the participants had psychedelic experiences due to either lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (904), psilocybin (766), ayahuasca (282) or N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) (307). Compared with the non-drug group, there were more men in the psychedelic group (78% versus 32%), and they tended to be younger (32 versus 55 years of age) at the time of the experience.

Similarities between the groups include:

  • About 90% of participants in both groups reported a decrease in fear of death when considering changes in their views from before to after the experience.
  • Most participants in both groups (non-drug group, 85%; psychedelics group, 75%) rated the experience to be among the top five most personally meaningful and spiritually significant of their life.
  • Participants in both groups reported moderate to strong persisting positive changes in personal well-being and life purpose and meaning.

Differences between the groups include:

  • The non-drug group was more likely to report that their life was in danger (47% versus the psychedelics group, 3%), being medically unconscious (36% versus the psychedelics group, 10%), or being clinically dead (21% versus the psychedelics group, less than 1%).
  • The non-drug group was more likely to report that their experience was very brief, lasting five minutes or less (40% versus the psychedelics group, 7%).

The researchers say that future studies are needed to better understand the potential clinical use of psychedelics in alleviating suffering related to fear of death.

Source: John Hopkins Medicine