Category: COVID

South Africa’s easing of COVID regulations at the end of 2021 set a new trend in how countries are choosing to manage the pandemic. In an article for The Conversation, Wits University’s Professor Shabir Madhi and colleagues reflect on the boldness – and the risks.

In a significant departure, the government is choosing a new, more pragmatic approach while keeping an eye on severe COVID and threats to health systems. This reflects a willingness to “live with the virus” without causing further damage to the economy and livelihoods, especially in a resource-constrained country.

Prof Madhi and colleagues hope that “the government continues to pursue this approach and doesn’t blindly follow policies that are not feasible in the local context, and ultimately yield nominal benefit.”

This more nuanced approach is a stark contrast to reflexive restrictions in response to rising case rates, suggesting the government has listened to commentary saying that the focus should be on whether health systems are under threat.

A high level of population immunity guides this approach. A sero-survey in Gauteng, just prior to the onset of the Omicron wave indicated that 72% of people had been infected over the course of the first three waves. Sero-positivity was 79% and 93% in COVID unvaccinated and vaccinated people aged over 50: a group that had previously made up a high percentage of hospitalisations and deaths.

The sero-survey data show that immunity against severe COVID in the country has largely evolved through natural infection over the course of the first three waves and prior to the advent of vaccination. This has, however, come at the massive cost of 268 813 deaths based on excess mortality attributable to COVID

Antibody presence is a proxy for underlying T-cell immunity which appears to play an important role in reducing the risk of infection progressing to severe COVID. Current evidence indicates that such T cell immunity, which has multiple targets and even more so when induced by natural infection, is relatively unaffected even by Omicron’s many mutations and likely lasts more than a year. This sort of underpinning T-cell immunity protecting against severe disease should provide breathing space for at least the next 6–12 months, and possibly further.

Despite Omicron’s anti-spike evasion, vaccine and natural infection induced T-cell immunity has been relatively preserved. This could explain the uncoupling of case rate to hospitalisation and death rates. Omicron’s mutations also appear to make it predisposed to infecting the upper rather than the lower airway, reducing the likelihood of progressing to severe disease.

In the meantime, they stress that greater vaccine uptake is ensured, along with boosters for high-risk groups.

Additionally, since low test rates mean only 10% of infections are actually documented in SA , isolation and quarantine are ineffective and a more pragmatic approach is necessary, the authors argued.

As the average person in South Africa could have 20 close contacts per day, contact tracing is of little value, and even symptomatic cases are most infectious in the pre-symptomatic and early symptomatic phase. The fact that three quarters of the SA population were infected over the course of the first three waves demonstrates how ineffective contact tracing and quarantine is.
They recommend that certain non-pharmacological interventions should be gradually dropped, especially hand hygiene and superficial thermal screening, while outdoor events should be allowed. Rather, government focus should remain on masking in poorly ventilated spaces and ensuring proper ventilation.

Mandatory vaccinations are still on the radar, since as well as the added risk to others that unvaccinated pose, there is the greater pressure they place on the health systems when they are hospitalised for COVID.

Attention also needs to be given to the management of incidental COVID infections in hospitals. The Department of Health guidance needs to be adapted to manage these patients with the appropriate level of care for the primary reason they were admitted. And patients with severe COVID disease require additional care and expertise to improve their outcomes.

Finally, an evaluation of both vaccination status and underlying immune deficiency needs to become a key element of the workup of hospitalised patients with severe COVID.

The authors stressed the need to minimise hospitalisations and deaths, without damaging livelihoods. SA’s Omicron wave death rate is about a tenth that of Delta, on par with pre-COVID seasonal influenza deaths – 10 000 to 11 000 per annum. TB caused an estimated 58 000 deaths in 2019.

While future variants are unpredictable, there is a trend towards lower rates of hospitalisation and death, especially if vaccine coverage can be increased to 90%, particularly in the over-50 age group. Omicron’s high infection rate will likely also contribute to future protection against COVID.

They note that while there is a risk of new variants, failure to change the pandemic mindset is another risk, as Omicron signals the end of COVID’s epidemic phase.

Past practices have had little effect, the authors concluded, and it is something that the SA government appears to have realised. Despite all the severe lockdowns, SA still suffered a high COVID death rate of 481 per 100 000.

Source: The Conversation