On Sunday evening, another fire broke out at Steve Biko Academic Hospital – the second in two weeks. The fire damaged linen and prompted an evacuation but fortunately, there were no injuries resulting from the incident, Times Live reported.
Gauteng health department spokesperson Kwara Kekana said the cause of the latest fire was due to till-burning cigarette butts discarded by patients which “touched the ward linen room lights, burning the steel shelves and linen.”
Kekana said the damage was limited to a few items of linin. The fire started at around 6.15pm in a linen closet in a medical ward.
“The fire was quickly extinguished by staff. Patients were temporarily evacuated as a safety precaution because of smoke. By 8.15pm, patients were returned to the ward after the City of Tshwane declared the site safe,” Kekana said.
The previous fire at the hospital broke out at around 1:20am in a temporary storage area for COVID medical waste and as an in-transit corpse area. That fire affected temporary structures outside the hospital casualty area, and forced the evacuation of 18 patients.
This is the latest in a string of fires in Gauteng hospitals, such as the devastating fire at Charlotte Maxeke hospital – something which has caused concern for Gauteng Health MEC Nomathemba Mokgethi.
Speaking about the previous fire, she said that, “It looks like every year in the Department of Health we have to deal with fires. I will be getting a report the afternoon from the law enforcement agency, especially on the Charlotte issue.”
The problem of hospital fires is not confined to Gauteng: exactly a week earlier, a blaze broke out at Chatsmed Hospital in Durban.
Amid an ongoing worldwide shortage of contrast agent for medical imaging, a new UC San Francisco research letter in JAMA described strategies that can be used to safely reduce contrast agent use in computed tomography (CT) by up to 83%.
The three conservation strategies are weight-based (rather than fixed) dosing, reducing contrast dose while reducing tube voltage on scanners, and replacing contrast-enhanced CT with nonenhanced CT when it will minimally affect diagnostic accuracy.
That third strategy – not using the contrast agent in certain CT scans where there is only a small improvement in accuracy – yielded the most dramatic reduction of contrast agent use: 78%.
“Contrast is essential in any situation where we need to assess the blood vessels – for example, for some trauma patients or those with a suspected acute gastrointestinal bleed – and it is also needed for evaluation of certain cancers, such as in the liver or pancreas,” said senior study author Rebecca Smith-Bindman, MD, professor at UCSF.
“However, most CT scans are done for less specific indications such as abdominal pain in a patient with suspected appendicitis,” Prof Smith-Bindman added. “These can and should be done without contrast during the shortage, because the loss of information in these patients will be acceptable for most patients.”
The global shortage of contrast agent started in April with a COVID-related supply chain disruption of GE Healthcare in Shanghai and is expected to last at least several more weeks. More than 54 million diagnostic imaging exams using contrast agents are done every year in the US, a majority being CT scans, and these conservation methods could continue past the current shortage to reduce the use of contrast agent in general, the authors noted.
Referring clinicians are key to conservation Researchers modelled the three strategies individually and in combination using a sample of 1.04 million CT exams in the UCSF International CT Dose Registry from January 2015 to March 2021.
On its own, weight-based dosing for abdomen, chest, cardiac, spine and extremity imaging reduced contrast agent use by 10%; reducing the tube voltage in appropriate patients allowed a contrast agent reduction of 25%. These two measures combined with using non-contrast CT when possible led to a total reduction of 83%.
Following all three strategies at once may not be possible for some facilities, but each can help conserve supply, Prof Smith-Bindman said. And it is not just radiologists who need to know about them.
“Given the acute shortage, it’s important that clinicians who order imaging exams coordinate with radiology to cancel scans that aren’t absolutely necessary, postpone exams that can be safely delayed, replace CT with MRI and ultrasound where possible, and order an unenhanced scan where possible. Further, clinicians should communicate with their patients about why this is necessary. It is crucial that contrast be conserved for clinical situations where its use is essential for accurate diagnosis,” said Prof Smith-Bindman.
After the shortage ends, medical facilities should consider continuing some of these practices that conserve contrast agent, she added. For example, reducing the tube voltage not only reduces the contrast agent used but also lowers the radiation dose. Tailoring doses weight allows lower dosing volumes for many patients.
In addition, Prof Smith-Bindman noted that this analysis highlights the large amount of contrast agent that is wasted when single-dose vials are used Hospitals and imaging centres that routinely use single-dose contrast agent vials should consider using larger multi-dose vials, which allows for exact dosing and obviates the need to discard unused portions, she said.
“By carrying some of these practices forward, we can mitigate future supply-chain risk and reduce overall waste,” said Smith-Bindman.
Music session interventions were found to reduce anxiety among patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), according to a systematic review and meta-analysis in the Journal of Clinical Nursing.
Reviewing 25 studies, music was found to significantly reduce anxiety scores overall, regardless of the system of measurement, reported Öznur Erbay Dalli, RN, MSc, PhD, of Bursa Uludag University in Turkey, and colleagues.
Music also significantly reduced anxiety scores versus standard care, including prescribed drugs or care protocol as part of usual treatment. This was comparable to noise-reducing methods. In the ICU, noise is an important driver of stress, the authors explained.
Throughout history, music has been used as one of the “proven non-pharmacological tools” to reduce anxiety, depression, and pain and to increase patient comfort, they added.
Dr Dalli told MedPage Todaythat ICU nurses and other healthcare workers may complement their daily routine care with music to reduce the anxiety of ICU patients and to avoid the side effects of medications, which are commonly used for treating anxiety.
No effect on diastolic blood pressure, respiration rate, or heart rate due to the music was seen. Subgroup analysis showed that multiple sessions produced better outcomes.
The researchers searched for studies published up to January 2022. All of the 25 included studies were randomised controlled trials or controlled clinical trials in 9 different countries with 1751 participants in total. Average age was 59 and 57% were male.
Of the anxiety assessment tools, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was the most commonly used tool (9 studies), followed by the Fear, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (4 studies) and the Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (2 studies).
Music interventions were mostly recorded music, although one study included a harp being played live. Music was used during rest times in most studies, though in four studies, music was used during specific procedures, like catheterisation or endotracheal suctioning.
No side effects were reported in the studies examined, but some patients objected to the choice of music, something which could be addressed by consultation with family members.
Limitations to the study included the fact that it was “difficult or impossible” to blind participants and other healthcare personnel involved in the study due to the nature of the intervention, which could lead to a “high risk of performance bias,” the authors noted. Additionally, the range of protocols and evaluation techniques used among the studies resulted in high heterogeneity.
Publication bias was possible due certain studies having small sample sizes, and a lack of available data.
The whistle-blowing paediatrician Dr Tim de Maayer who spoke out about appalling conditions at Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital (RMMCH) was suspended yesterday, apparently in a retaliatory move.
In the widely-read open letter appearing on the Daily Maverick, he spoke of the preventable tragedy of babies dying due to lack of resources. This came shortly after a viral video showed pregnant mothers sleeping on the floor.
Presciently, the Daily Maverick, which broke the story, stated that there were two options: act to change the situation for the better, or “shoot the messenger”. As the newspaper wryly noted as it broke the news on Friday, 10 June, the option of shooting the messenger has been taken.
Although there appeared to be an initial positive response, Dr Maayer gave notice on Thursday evening that he was not able to come into work on Friday as he was being placed on suspension. RMMCH doctors then contacted the Daily Maverick.
His suspension leaves the hospital without its only paediatric gastroenterologist, according to an anxious doctor who got in touch with the Daily Maverick late Thursday night. The news has spread like wildfire across social media, with other doctors quick to come to Dr de Maayer’s defence.
A petition on Change.org to reinstate the paediatrician is being circulated by ordinary citizens and clinicians including Professor Shabir Madhi, who has been vocal in his support of Dr de Maayer.
The Progressive Health Forum (PHF) called for the suspension of Dr de Maayer to be overturned.
“Dr de Maayer has been suspended on the grounds that he has a voice, a conscience and a professional ethic and being a committed public health clinician. This pattern of victimisation has been repeatedly applied to clinicians who dare call out inadequacies of the administration and negative impact on clinicians and on the lives of patients,” the PHF said in a statement.
The delivery of the primary healthcare approach and the achievement of any semblance of universal health coverage are moot if South Africa does not rapidly address the critical skills shortages and working conditions of nurses, especially those with specialised skills, including midwives.
“The pandemic very clearly highlighted the crucial role that nurses play in the frontline of healthcare, and how important they are in ensuring that patients have access to quality health services and disease prevention, management and education. However, a combination of factors is stymieing attempts to grow our nursing capabilities and skills – from changes in the nurse training curriculum, limitations of and delays in the accreditation of training facilities, poor working conditions and workplace safety, lack of equipment and resources, low remuneration by global standards, the regulatory uncertainty around NHI, changing social dynamics which has seen declining nursing recruits, as well as the significant mental health deterioration that nurses have battled for two years of being on the frontline of the pandemic. Add to this the fact that we have a significant number of experienced nurses heading for retirement age without the commensurate follow through of new nursing talent coming through, and we have the makings of a serious crisis,” warns Paul Cox, Managing Director at the Essential Group of Companies including health insurance provider, EssentialMED.
“Making matters worse, South Africa’s nurses are in huge demand in many first world countries that suffer the same skills shortages. These countries offer significantly higher pay and better working and living conditions to attract talent to their shores. This is a significant risk as South Africa is losing some of its most experienced nurses and healthcare workers to emigration, and with it we lose vast amounts of institutional knowledge, specialisation, experience, training investment and mentoring and training skills,” he adds.
Data published by the South African Nursing Council (SANC) in 2021 shows that the country has a nursing staff contingent of one nurse to 213 patients – the World Health Organisation recommends a ratio of 1 nurse to 5 patients in a general hospital. While there are currently around 280,000 nurses in active employment and a further 21 000 nurses in training, the 2030 Human Resources for Health Strategy projects a shortage of 34 000 nurses in primary healthcare by 2025 if nothing is done to attract new talent to the nursing sector. According to SANC’s 2020 statistics, the ageing population of South Africa’s nursing population is another looming crisis. Its statistics show that less than a third of the registered nurses and midwives are under the age of 40, while 47% of registered nurses will have retired within the next 15 years. Primary healthcare will take a big hit given the important role of nurses in primary healthcare delivery, and TB, HIV and diabetes management programmes are likely to falter, with patients in remote and rural areas impacted the most.
Perplexingly, despite these serious skills shortages and looming crisis, nurses never made it onto the Critical Skills List released by the Department of Home Affairs at the end of February 2022, despite the huge demands that Government’s drive to NHI will make on already stretched and overburdened healthcare human resources.
“The implications of the current skills shortages and deteriorating working and safety conditions, notably in the public sector which takes care of more than 80% of the population, are plain to see. We already have a situation where healthcare facilities are struggling to fill posts – there are some 21,000 specialist medical personnel posts vacant across all provinces and which the Department of Health has thus far been unable to fill. What more then will the implications be for healthcare delivery under the proposed universal healthcare system of NHI? The Department of Health has acknowledged that the NHI will need skilled personnel to function not only across healthcare professionals, but general skilled human resources to underpin the health system. Right now, even the most fundamental of primary care delivery is in crisis due to skills shortages, exacerbated by the deleterious state of many public healthcare facilities and regular medicine stock-outs. More skilled and experienced nursing professionals are heading offshore, and at the same time, the sector is struggling to attract and train new nursing recruits to a profession and working environment that are increasingly unattractive to young South Africans. The planned introduction of the National Health Insurance scheme adds further grist to the wheel, with industry experts warning of a mass exodus of healthcare skills due to the valid concerns around the lack of financial and operational clarity of the plan,” adds Cox.
The current and future dwindling nurse staffing levels are a serious threat to patient health, safety and quality of care. Equally so to the health and safety of nurses due to increasing pressure on the remaining workforce to meet ever growing healthcare needs, fatigue and burnout, mental health issues and deteriorating work conditions. Poor resource allocation and poor maintenance of healthcare facilities need to be urgently addressed, and there needs to be the political will to dramatically improve the working conditions of the nurses who form the backbone of healthcare delivery. It is crucial that both public and private sector stakeholders collaborate to help bridge the skills challenges. A major acceleration of training is needed, and to do this it’s essential to fast-track the new education requirements and processes and accredit more nurse training colleges, allowing the private sector to contribute to closing the skills gap.
“Nurses are the single largest group of healthcare providers in our country representing 56% of all healthcare providers. The performance of our healthcare system – both public and private – is dependent on the quality of care provided by these professionals. Nurses are central to addressing the complex burden of disease, achieving the primary healthcare (PHC) approach as purported under universal health coverage, as well as improving health system performance across both the public and private healthcare sectors. The pandemic has shown unequivocally the need to value our nurses, to invest in nursing, resolve the nursing education challenges as a matter of priority, as well as address their working conditions, remuneration, practice environment, resources, management and leadership. Without a strong, skilled and growing nursing profession, any semblance of NHI and universal health coverage success in South Africa is questionable,” concludes Cox.
Doctors have come out in support of criticism of the conditions at Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital (RMMCH) in Johannesburg. The dire situation at the hospital, which has reportedly resulted in numerous patient deaths, has been highlighted on a number of occasions.
A year ago, Daily Maverick visited RMMCH after concerns being voiced by doctors and patients, and found a number of problems there. This year, a viral video clip showed pregnant women sleeping on the floor at the Gauteng hospital, and Daily Maverick returned to found the situation had worsened, yet the hospital’s CEO Dr Nozuko Mkabayi emphatically denied anything was amiss.
Dr Mkabayi said that although the hospital experiences periodic drug stockouts and equipment shortages, “Patients’ lives are not in danger and there is enough essential equipment. The hospital equipment committee is functional in ensuring adequate equipment needs for patient care.”
Then paediatrician Dr Tim de Maayer wrote an open letter to the Department of Health which sent further shockwaves through the media.
He said that his patients were dying due to a simple lack of basic resources. Drugs were in short supply; staff were massively overloaded; the hospital’s generators were ill-equipped to handle load shedding; and even water supply was threatened, causing hospital-acquired infections to spread “like wildfire”. These issues, Dr Maayer noted, had been raised with management before.
Gift of the Givers had stepped in and sunk a borehole to assist with the water supply situation – although a charity having to come to the rescue of a public hospital is an embarrassment.
Department of Health spokesperson Kwara Kekana acknowledged that the infrastructure was lacking:
“The hospital has over the past decade seen an increase in patient load with no increase in infrastructure development,” she said. “It has steadily increased intake from 10 000 deliveries to 16 000 deliveries per year, which is the second highest in the country.”
“To add more capacity, the hospital has repurposed 22 beds to accommodate more antenatal patients in the last two years making a total of 56 antenatal beds, which is still insufficient.”
RMMCH had requested exemption from the load shedding schedule, she noted.
In an interview with eNCA, Professor Haroon Saloojee, head of community paediatrics at Wits Universiy, said that he “wholeheartedly” agreed with Dr Mayeer, saying that, “what I think he is describing is the ‘complete storm'” and it “contributes to a reduction in quality care.
“[…]it’s the issue of inadequate staff, just not enough doctors but particularly nurses for the patient load – and certainly for the situation at Rahima Moosa has been far worsened that Charlotte Maxeke has been closed for so long and they’ve had to take the load. So a very busy hospital with a greatly increased number of deliveries as the load has become more. Added to that a problem with getting adequate equipment, he makes that point. And to add to that we’ve had both the crises with water availability and to top that all the regular loadshedding which means the generators weren’t coping.
“So you end up with a major storm and shouldn’t surprise then that children’s lives get affected.”
Regarding procurement issues such as running out of bread he remarked, “I’m sure there’s a lot of bureaucracy, but a lot of it is the simple management of the day-to-day running of a hospital, including how it places accounts, and the truth is that many hospitals are forfeiting at that.”
Since his letter went out, Dr Maayer has said there has been some reaction from the government, with President Ramaphosa reportedly wanting to see a response from RMMCH’s CEO. Deputy Health Minister, Sibongiseni Dhlomo has said that the letter is worrying and will be looked into.
Rhythm strip showing short runs of torsade de pointes and a markedly prolonged corrected QT interval. Credit: Heart Rhythm Case Reports
While herbal supplements may be natural, they may not always be harmless. In Heart Rhythm Case Reports, doctors report on a patient who experienced dizziness and fainting and was diagnosed with a dangerous cardiac arrhythmia after taking hemp oil containing CBD and CBG and berberine supplements.
“More and more people are taking herbal supplements for their potential benefits. Yet their ‘natural’ character can be misleading, since these preparations can have serious adverse side effects on their own or if combined with other supplements or medications,” said Elise Bakelants, MD, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Geneva. “Their use should not be taken lightly, and dosing recommendations should always be respected.”
The reported case involves a 56-year-old woman who was admitted to the emergency department after experiencing dizziness and fainting without warning. She was diagnosed with a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia after an ECG showed short runs of torsade de pointes, a rapid heartbeat originating in the ventricles, and a markedly prolonged QT interval, which means the heart’s electrical system takes longer than normal to recharge between beats.
Apart from low blood pressure, the patient’s physical examination and blood work were normal. The doctors were able to identify the cause as the herbal supplements she was taking to help her cope with a stressful work-life balance. She had started a regimen of six times the recommended dose of hemp oil four months earlier and had recently added berberine to the mix. All supplements were stopped during her hospital stay, resulting in a gradual decrease of her QT interval until it normalized after five days. At her three-month follow-up, she reported no new episodes of dizziness or fainting, and her ECG remained within normal range. With no other causative factors, her return to normal strongly validated that the diagnosis linked the supplements to the arrhythmia.
Herbal supplements has increased in popularity in recent years, especially those containing CBD (cannabidiol). Available without prescription, CBD has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic, analgesic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and immunomodulatory properties. Supplied as raw material or as ready-to-use products (eg, cosmetics, tobacco substitutes, scented oils), it does not contain THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which causes the psychotropic effect of cannabis. Therefore, it is not subject to control by drug regulatory agencies. Berberine, found in the roots, rhizomes, and stem bark of many medicinal plants, is frequently used in traditional Chinese and ayurvedic medicine to treat infections, diarrhoea, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure.
The e preparation of herbal supplements is largely unregulated and are widely perceived as safe. Exact composition can vary greatly from one distributor to another, and the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of these substances are not well known. Limited data are available regarding their effectiveness, toxicity, and potential for interactions. As a result, it is not always possible to foresee their negative consequences.
Dr Bakelants cautioned patients and physicians to be aware of possible side effects, respect dosing recommendations and consider possible interactions with other medications, particularly in patients with underlying cardiac disease or those already taking QT-prolonging medication.
Investigating the state of affairs in public clinics, Spotlight’s Daniel Steyn and Vusi Mokoena investigate whether the right technology could help them out of their predicament.
“I never look forward to clinic day,” says Nomtsato Tsietsi, 74, on a Monday morning while standing in the queue at Kayamandi Clinic in Stellenbosch, which she visits up to three times a month to collect pills, consult with a doctor, and have her blood tests taken.
Tsietsi has several diseases including diabetes and hypertension (high blood pressure). “We sit there for too long, sometimes all day,” she says.
Her experience is typical for people visiting state clinics. But for about 80% of South Africans, this is the only option: for most people private healthcare is unaffordable and public clinic services are free.
Some patients in the Kayamandi clinic queue said they sometimes pay people up to R80 to stand in the queue for them. One man, who had been paid by someone to stand in the queue, said that he had been there since 5am.
For employed people, a day at the clinic typically means taking a day off work, often without pay.
The pubIic health system is beset with problems: long waiting times, insufficient record keeping, poorly maintained infrastructure, and poor service delivery.
A 2018 study of nurses and doctors in Cape Town found that of 16 essential skills, ten were not performed in more than half of the consultations. In more than 60% of consultations, nurses and doctors in Cape Town did not greet patients, and in 90% of consultations, they did not attempt to understand the patient’s perspective. In nother study, 76% of Cape Town-based doctors in primary care reported that they are suffering from burnout.
During our visit to Kayamandi Clinic, we asked patients whether they would embrace technological solutions to make the experience more efficient. They all said they would. Almost all of them are smartphone users and some said they could not understand why appointments cannot be made and managed digitally, or why they cannot communicate with health workers online rather than in person.
Innovative technology solutions for primary care exist in South Africa.Phukulisa Health Solutions, for example, offers a platform that mimics a consultation with a healthcare practitioner. Equipped with Bluetooth sensors, the platform can screen patients for a range of health issues, focused specifically on HIV, TB, diabetes, and heart diseases.
Phukulisa’s CEO Raymond Campbell says that this testing and screening platform offers a more efficient screening service with a faster turnaround time. For example, the platform has been tested at an antenatal unit in Mamelodi, where the platform provided test results within 14 minutes, opposed to the usual 23 hours.
But Campbell says there is little interest from the public sector in his technology. Instead, he is finding more success licensing the platform to players in the private sector.
There have been some attempts to use innovative computer technology in public sector clinics. In Limpopo, the deputy director-general of the health department, Dr Muthei Dombo, has the vision to create a “clinic in the cloud”.
In 2018, Dombo partnered with theMint Group to conduct a trial funded by Microsoft at Rethabile clinic. Dombo provided the team at Mint Group with several problems to solve.
The team, led by Peter Reid, developed a technology to alleviate the high rate of fraud at medicine dispensing points, the difficulty of transferring medical records between different clinics, and the long waiting times.
When a patient entered the clinic, they would register at reception. Their identity document would be scanned and a picture would be taken of the patient. At every station in the clinic visited by the patient, a camera would identify the patient and the patient’s records would pop up on the screen. When the patient left the station, the profile would automatically lock.
This ensured that only patients due for specific medication would receive that medication, thereby eliminating fraud. Because the records were all kept in the cloud, the records could easily be transferred to another clinic. Without this technology, patients need to return to the same clinic every time they need to restock their medication.
The trial also assisted with queue management. Upon entering the clinic, patients would choose a “journey” based on their reason for visiting the clinic. The system would then guide the patient from one station to the next on big screens on the wall. This made the journey more seamless while also providing visual feedback to officials at the clinic helping them to manage the queues more effectively.
The trial ended shortly before the start of the Covid pandemic. The project has not yet been restarted.
One project that has been implemented widely in the public sector is Vula Mobile. Founded by Dr William Mapham in 2014, Vula aims to bridge the gap between health workers and specialists.
There is a shortage of specialist doctors in the public sector and health workers at the primary care level often lack the information to refer patients to a relevant specialist.
With the Vula app, a nurse seeing a patient can be linked with the closest specialist. Through the built-in chat function, the nurse can provide the specialist with all the necessary info and refer the patient.
The app is available in six provinces with an emphasis on the Eastern Cape. More than 24,000 health workers are registered on the system.
But other innovators in the health space, frustrated by the public sector, are focusing on providing affordable private healthcare. This follows a growing trend in South Africa, as medical aid providers increasingly offer more affordable packages targeted to lower-income earners.
At the Kayamandi clinic during GroundUp’s visit, Mcoleseli Mlenze, a 34-year-old father who often visits the clinic for hypertension medication or when his son is sick, said that while he uses the clinic to collect medication, he has started seeing a private doctor when he is sick.
He says he cannot really afford the private doctor, which costs upwards of R350 per consultation. If there was some middle-ground where he could pay R150-R200 for a consultation at a clinic that is faster and more efficient, he would happily do so.
Others in the queue said they would pay up to R50 for a better healthcare experience.
Saul Kornik, the founder of Healthforce and the Kena App, aims to lower the cost of quality primary health care so that millions of people have access to it.
Available in almost 500 pharmacies throughout the country, Healthforce’s technology enables nurses to conduct all necessary screenings and diagnostic procedures. If and when a doctor becomes necessary, the nurse presses a button to start a video call with one of the doctors in the Healthforce network.
The nurse and patient can both see the doctor and the doctor, with the help of the nurse, can consult the patient. This reduces the amount of time that the doctor is needed, thereby reducing the cost.
The patient ends up paying on average R70 to R90 for the nurse and R115 to R250 for the doctor. If needed, the doctor can prescribe medication that the patient can purchase at the pharmacy or pick up from a government dispensary.
There are Healthforce doctors available to speak any of the 11 official languages and they are available seven days a week.
In March, Healthforce launched the Kena Health app, through which patients can have consultations with nurses, doctors and mental health practitioners via chat, voice or video. The first three consultations per year are free.
After the consultation, if necessary, the doctor can provide a script for medication and a sick note.
At Kayamandi clinic, Gcobisa Malithafa, a 30-year-old mother of a toddler told GroundUp that although she would pay a small amount for a better experience, it should not have to come to that.
Malithafa suggests that instead, the clinic’s management should consult the community on a regular basis and make immediate improvements to the running of the clinic. “This thing of having one doctor at the clinic is not right,” she says.
She is struggling to get her child immunised, having visited the clinic many times without success.
Whether they use technology or not, she says, something has to change.
Having to cope with the strain of COVID on an already fragile healthcare system, a few hospitals in the Western Cape have been introducing robotics for specialised tasks – but are they worth the hype?
Robotics was able to fill an unprecedented need during the COVID pandemic – the ability to remotely conduct ward rounds from remote locations. Tygerberg Hospital made use of ‘Quintin’, a robot that is essentially a tablet on a mobile stand that allows users to remotely communicate and inspect the area, but it can’t physically interact with its environment.
Robotics offers greater surgical precision, which may translate into reduced healthcare load. IOL reported that the provincial Department of Health plans to use a pair of new robotic surgery machines installed at the Groote Schuur and Tygerberg hospitals to fast-track surgeries and address the province’s surgical backlogs caused by COVID. These robotic surgery units will be used for procedures on colorectal, liver, prostate, kidney and bladder cancers, and women with severe endometriosis. In the province’s private sector, Netcare Christiaan Barnard Memorial Hospital also makes use of robotic-assisted surgery.
Robotic surgery has a number of advantages. The small robotic arms allow for smaller incisions and faster recovery times, reducing the strain on hospitals. A liver resection that would have a patient in hospital for a week can be reduced to one or two days with robotic surgery. More complex surgery becomes possible, eg in difficult to access areas or in patients with obesity. Robotic surgery allows surgeons to be off their feet, easing an extremely fatiguing job, and the software automatically compensates for any tremor in the surgeon’s hands.
However, robotic surgery still has drawbacks – chief among them is cost and the need to have trained personnel to operate them. There is also some latency between the surgeon’s hands movements and the corresponding movement of the robot, leading to possible errors. Shorting of the electrical current running through the robotic arms can also cause burns to the patient’s tissue, and there is also the possibility of nerve compression injuries due to the positioning of the patient. Furthermore, operator errors, especially when operators are inexperienced or robotic surgery is performed in lower volumes, is always a possibility.
Robotics have promising applications in sanitation – they can easily disinfect areas using UV light, for example – and can also assist nurses with certain tasks, such as making a 3D vein map prior to a venipuncture. Some robots can even assist the elderly, conversing with them and can perform simple tasks like calling a nurse. Other applications include the much simpler technology of exoskeletons, a wearable frame which amplify users’ strength (though nowhere near that of the fictional Iron Man) and are useful in rehabilitation and for enhancing mobility in the elderly. Other applications include increasing strength of care staff for assisting patients, freeing up other staff.
Some exoskeletons are even purely mechanical, merely readjusting loads without any sophisticated electronics or motors. Yet even these are prohibitively expensive: the Phoenix Medical Exoskeleton goes for about US$30 000 each.
While promising, robotic systems are at present still hugely expensive, limited in function and can only assist with a small fraction of the tasks that healthcare workers perform. Even if the cost could be reduced enough to help ease healthcare worker burden in South Africa to help, that still leaves the problem of enough experienced and motivated healthcare workers, beds and neglected rural areas.
A report by IOL revealed mixed reviews by experts and patients for the Western Cape’s healthcare system, which, while providing mostly excellent service in certain hospitals, is seen to be especially lacking in rural areas, infrastructure and handling of patients.
Award-winning service
Along with receiving the highest marks for efficiency, Western Cape healthcare has earned recognition such as through the Batho Pele Excellence Awards, with a silver medal going to Dr Barry Smith who worked in frontline COVID hospitals in Cape Town, where as medical manager he organised efforts to deal with devastating COVID waves.
A total of R29.4 billion has been allocated to the province’s 2022–2023 budget to deal with a serious backlog of unmet TB, HIV and other medical care put off during the COVID waves, along with a new surge in mental health issues.
A critical view
The ANC’s Rachel Windvogel said that while Western Cape is said have the country’s ‘most efficient’ health-care system, it is deteriorating and “nearing collapse”.
Dilapidated infrastructure in hospitals such as Groote Schuur and Tygerberg Hospitals is a challenged, with “sections that are cordoned off and not functioning.”
The knock-on service pressure across all district hospitals has resulted in patients having to sleep in chairs or on the floor.
Windvogel said that the Khayelitsha District Hospital is a prime example, with R150 million allocated for upgrades by the hospital but with no provincial government funding forthcoming.
She said that the provincial government’s boasts about a leading healthcare system does not match the situation. This can be seen in rural communities where people wait days for an ambulance transfer to city hospitals, she said, and doctors only visiting rural clinics to issue prescriptions without examining patients.
From the wards
Speaking to IOL, on the condition of anonymity, a nurse with over 15 years of experience currently working at a local government hospital said that while they try their best to deliver a service to residents, the sector has so much lacking.
The quality of new nurses has been steadily declining, she said. “As nurses, we are inundated with work but we manage, however, as an experienced nurse seeing how the ‘latest intakes’ have no feeling towards patients is sad.”
There have been deaths from “incorrect triages” as well as problems with nurses not knowing how to speak to the community, resulting in “pissing off the very community we took an oath to serve,” she said.
While she believes nursing is her calling, she is considering moving over to the private sector, driven by a high workload, crime, poor pay and lack of experienced assistance.
A patient’s experience
Candice van der Rheede, director of the Western Cape Missing Persons Unit (WCMPU) has been through a string of hospitals since 2020 following a collapsed lung, and her experiences reflected problems with staffing and gender segregation.
She first stayed at Mitchells Plain District Hospital, and her ward was “spotless” with security “always there”. “If help was needed and you buzzed for help, nurses came immediately,” she told IOL.
The thoracic ward at Groote Schuur Hospital was also praiseworthy – except that her ward was in the middle of the men’s section.
“One night I woke up and saw one of the men standing and watching us ladies with no nurses on the inside,” Van der Rheede said.
However, entering the ICU ward after theatre, her experience took a turn for the worse, being roughly handled when check for bed sores, despite her having a large surgical wound.
In November, Van der Rheede had to overnight in the trauma section at Tygerberg Hospital due to a check-up. While she was generally satisified with the hospital and its staff, there was a major sticking point for her – in the trauma section, “we were men and women sleeping in one room which I had a big problem with. Using one toilet. I could not sleep that night.”
While she has her reservations about the state of hospitals in the province, Van der Rheede told IOL she commended the Mitchells Plain District Hospital for its impeccable service, and the Symphony Clinic in Delft which she currently attends is of the highest standard of service and cleanliness.
