Month: August 2025

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New CANSA and ALVI ARMANI Partnership Offers Hair Restoration Support for Cancer Survivors

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Restorative programme helps post-cancer treatment patients regain hair, confidence, and quality of life after facing cancer 

Photo by Brandi Redd on Unsplash

The Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) has partnered with internationally renowned hair restoration clinic Alvi Armani South Africa, with head offices in Beverly Hills Los Angeles, to launch an initiative offering complimentary consultations and assessments to those recovering or recovered from cancer.

For many, completing cancer treatment is an experience that brings immense relief. However, it doesn’t always mark the end of the emotional journey. While chemotherapy and radiation often save lives, they can leave lasting reminders – and hair loss is among the most visible.

Cindy Pretorius, a cancer survivor who was diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma, an invasive skin cancer knows firsthand how the impact of the disease affects not just self-confidence but self-worth. After the cancer was removed, the surgery left lasting and visible scarring on her hairline. A hairline that was subsequently treated and restored through a minimally invasive hair transplant at Alvi Armani South Africa. “The team at Alvi Armani restored not only my hairline, but also my confidence,” said Pretorius.

Launching in August 2025, the initiative will offer CANSA-affiliated patients in recovery access to complimentary, in-depth, and personalised consultations. This may include scalp density and mapping assessments, as well as checks for lingering treatment effects. Where needed, survivors will receive advice and support with restorative hair treatments or transplants at Alvi Armani South Africa – offering significant financial relief and a renewed sense of hope.

“This isn’t about vanity. It’s about healing the whole person,” notes Dr Kashmal Kalan, Medical Director of Alvi Armani South Africa. “Unfortunately, even when cancer treatments end, the physical and emotional recovery continues. Many individuals in remission are confronted with reminders every time they look in the mirror and see someone who still looks like a patient, often making it difficult to reconnect with the person they were before cancer.”

For those recovering from cancer, the devastation of hair loss can continue to weigh heavily on their mental well-being. Studies show that persistent thinning, patchiness, or recession after treatment can fuel anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal. Even when remission is achieved, hair regrowth can be slow, and this gap between survival and self-image can take a heavy toll.

“Hair plays an important role in how we express identity; by restoring it, we help people feel like themselves again – more confident to re-enter public life, apply for jobs, or socialise without feeling marked by illness,” he explains.

In cases where hair loss is permanent, transplants using Alvi Armani’s minimally invasive Vitruvian or Maximus follicular unit extraction (FUE) technique may also be performed. Recognised as global leaders in hair transplant procedures, Alvi Armani’s network – spanning Beverly Hills, Salt Lake City, Phoenix, San Diego, Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Johannesburg – all use state of the art protocols, ensuring that South African patients receive the same world-class standard of care they would get at any other Alvi Armani clinic globally.

“People who’ve overcome cancer deserve more than just a life saved. They deserve the chance to live it fully, with confidence and joy. We’re extremely proud to walk this journey with them, and to help them reclaim their full sense of self.”

Alvi Armani are committing extensive financial and medical resources to support the initiative. A patient referral and screening process is in place to ensure clinical suitability, but any CANSA-affiliated person in remission may apply directly and will be guided accordingly.

CANSA and Alvi Armani will also collaborate at national events such as CANSA Relay For Life, and the CANSA High Tea, where participants will receive expert advice on scalp health, treatment options, and realistic expectations around regrowth.

“When you’ve fought so hard to stay alive, the last thing you want is to be reminded daily of what you lost. This partnership is ultimately about giving people that final piece of the puzzle back, so they can look in the mirror and not only see what they’ve overcome, but truly see themselves again,” concludes Dr Kalan.

“At CANSA, we understand that the cancer experience doesn’t end with treatment – healing also means restoring dignity, self-confidence, and quality of life. Our partnership with Alvi Armani South Africa reflects our commitment to holistic survivorship care. By offering complimentary consultations and access to world-class restorative hair solutions, we’re helping survivors reclaim not only their appearance but also their sense of self,” says Makoma Raolane, CANSA’s Sustainability Manager.

Individuals affected by cancer who are interested in the initiative can contact Alvi Armani South Africa directly, referencing their affiliation with CANSA, to schedule a complimentary consultation.

For more information, visit https://cansa.org.za/ and https://alviarmani.co.za/

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Eggs are Sunny-side up for Cholesterol Levels

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Photo by Annie Spratt on Unsplash

From poached to panfried, when it comes to eggs, it’s all sunny side up, as new research from the University of South Australia confirms that this breakfast favourite won’t crack your cholesterol.

Long blamed for high cholesterol, eggs have been beaten up for their assumed role in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Now, UniSA researchers have shown definitively that it’s not dietary cholesterol in eggs but the saturated fat in our diets that’s the real heart health concern.

In a world-first study, researchers examined the independent effects of dietary cholesterol and saturated fat on LDL cholesterol (the ‘bad’ kind), finding that eating two eggs a day – as part of a high cholesterol but low saturated fat diet – can actually reduce LDL levels and lower the risk of heart disease.

CVD is the leading cause of death worldwide, responsible for nearly 18 million deaths each year. In Australia, one person dies from CVD every 12 minutes, accounting for one in four of deaths nationwide.

Lead researcher, UniSA’s Professor Jon Buckley, says it’s time to rethink the reputation of eggs.

“Eggs have long been unfairly cracked by outdated dietary advice,” Prof Buckley says.

“They’re unique – high in cholesterol, yes, but low in saturated fat. Yet it’s their cholesterol level that has often caused people to question their place in a healthy diet,” Prof Buckley says.

“In this study, we separated the effects of cholesterol and saturated fat, finding that high dietary cholesterol from eggs, when eaten as part of a low saturated fat diet, does not raise bad cholesterol levels.

“Instead, it was the saturated fat that was the real driver of cholesterol elevation.

“You could say we’ve delivered hard-boiled evidence in defence of the humble egg.”

“So, when it comes to a cooked breakfast, it’s not the eggs you need to worry about – it’s the extra serve of bacon or the side of sausage that’s more likely to impact your heart health.”

Source: University of South Australia

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Astrocytes Identified as Hidden Culprit Behind PTSD

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Excessive astrocytic GABA impairs fear extinction in PTSD, new drug target offers hope for treatment

Figure 1. Astrocyte-Derived GABA and Therapeutic Effects of KDS2010 in PTSD. Brain imaging of PTSD patients revealed unusually high levels of GABA and reduced cerebral blood flow in the prefrontal cortex, showing that changes strongly correlated with symptom severity. In animal models, this excess GABA was traced to reactive astrocytes producing it abnormally due to increased MAOB and reduced levels of the GABA-degrading enzyme ABAT. This disrupted normal brain function and impaired the ability to extinguish fear. Treatment with KDS2010, a selective MAOB inhibitor, successfully lowered astrocytic GABA, restored brain activity, and rescued fear extinction, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic option. Credit: Institute for Basic Science

Why do patients with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often struggle to forget traumatic memories, even long after the danger has passed? This failure to extinguish fear memories has long puzzled scientists and posed a major hurdle for treatment, especially since current medications targeting serotonin receptors offer limited relief for only a subset of patients.

In a new discovery, scientists at the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) and Ewha Womans University have uncovered a new brain mechanism driving PTSD – and a promising drug that may counteract its effects. The research is reported in Signal Transduction and Target Therapy.

Led by Dr C. Justin Lee at the IBS Center for Cognition and Sociality and Professor Lyoo In Kyoon at Ewha Womans University, the team has shown that excessive GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) produced by astrocytes, which are star-shaped support cells in the brain, impairs the brain’s ability to extinguish fear memories. This deficit is a core feature of PTSD and helps explain why traumatic memories can persist long after the threat has passed.

Crucially, the researchers found that a brain-permeable drug called KDS2010, which selectively blocks the monoamine oxidase B enzyme responsible for this abnormal GABA production, can reverse PTSD-like symptoms in mice. The drug has already passed Phase 1 safety trials in humans, making it a strong candidate for future PTSD treatments.

PTSD remains difficult to treat, with current medications targeting serotonin pathways providing limited relief for many patients. The new study focused on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a region of the brain critical for regulating fear, and found that PTSD patients had unusually high levels of GABA and reduced cerebral blood flow in this area. These findings emerged from brain imaging studies of more than 380 participants. Importantly, GABA levels decreased in patients who showed clinical improvement, pointing to the chemical’s central role in recovery.

To uncover the origin of this excess GABA, the researchers examined postmortem human brain tissue and used PTSD-like mouse models. They discovered that astrocytes, not neurons, were producing abnormal amounts of GABA via the enzyme monoamine oxidase B (MAOB). This astrocyte-derived GABA impaired neural activity, blocking the brain’s ability to forget traumatic memories.

When the researchers administered KDS2010, a highly selective, reversible MAOB inhibitor developed at IBS, the mice showed normalized brain activity and were able to extinguish fear responses. The drug reduced GABA levels, restored blood flow in the mPFC, and re-enabled memory extinction mechanisms. The study thus confirms astrocytic MAOB as a central driver of PTSD symptoms, and MAOB inhibition as a viable therapeutic path.

A major challenge of the study was linking clinical findings in humans with cellular mechanisms in the lab. The researchers addressed this by applying a “reverse translational” strategy: they began with clinical brain scans and moved backward to identify the cellular source of dysfunction, then confirmed the mechanism and tested drug effects in animal models. This approach led to a new understanding of how glial cells – long thought to be passive – actively shape psychiatric symptoms.

“This study is the first to identify astrocyte-derived GABA as a key pathological driver of fear extinction deficit in PTSD,” said Dr Won Woojin, a postdoctoral researcher and co-first author of the study. “Our findings not only uncover a novel astrocyte-based mechanism underlying PTSD, but also provide preclinical evidence for a new therapeutic approach using an MAOB inhibitor.”

Director C. Justin LEE, who led the study, emphasized that “This work represents a successful example of reverse translational research, where clinical findings in human guided the discovery of underlying mechanisms in animal models. By identifying astrocytic GABA as a pathological driver in PTSD and targeting it via MAOB inhibition, the study opens a completely new therapeutic paradigm not only for PTSD but also for other neuropsychiatric disorders such as panic disorder, depression, and schizophrenia.”

The researchers plan to further investigate astrocyte-targeted therapies for various neuropsychiatric disorders. With KDS2010 currently undergoing Phase 2 clinical trials, this discovery may soon lead to new options for patients whose symptoms have not responded to conventional treatments.

Source: Institute for Basic Science

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No Benefits Seen from Conservative Oxygen in the ICU

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A UK trial involving 16 500 mechanically ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients found no 90-day survival benefit for conservative supplemental oxygen over usual oxygen therapy. Nevertheless, the study, published in JAMA, did demonstrate the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of conducting a large trial with a simple intervention.

Oxygen is one of the most commonly administered treatments to patients in ICUs, but liberal oxygen therapy to avoid the risks of hypoxaemia may lead to harm, so finding the right level could optimise outcomes. Trials to date have shown mixed results.

For COVID patients admitted to the ICU with severe hypoxaemia, survival without life support was extended with conservative oxygen therapy. In a paediatric ICU study, conservative oxygen therapy resulted in a reduction in a composite of organ support at 30 days or death. A meta-analysis of 13 trials showed no differences between liberal and conservative oxygen therapy.

Even with just a small difference in survival benefit, with tens of millions of patients mechanically ventilated in the ICU would still mean significant numbers of lives saved. Other tests of new drugs and procedures in the ICU are hampered by high cost, as Seitz et al. noted in an accompanying editorial, so this sort of trial comparing two approaches to a common therapy is much more affordable.

The UK Intensive Care Unit Randomised Trial Comparing Two Approaches to Oxygen Therapy (UK-ROX) trial was initiated to determine if there was a difference between conservative and usual oxygen therapy.

The trial randomised 16 500 patients across 97 ICUs in the UK to either conservative oxygen therapy or usual oxygen therapy, in adults receiving mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen in the ICU. The primary outcome was mortality at 90 days. Conservative oxygen therapy targeted a peripheral oxygen saturation (Spo2) of 90% (range, 88%-92%), while usual oxygen therapy was at the discretion of the treating clinician.

Patients were early in mechanical ventilation (median, 5 hours), were severely ill (median predicted mortality risk, 35%), had a range of critical illnesses (eg, > 5000 patients with sepsis and > 1500 patients with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy) and with significant hypoxaemia (eg, > 11 000 patients with a Pao2:Fio2 ratio, consistent with acute respiratory distress syndrome). Obtaining informed consent from the patients was, of course, largely not feasible, so this requirement was waived for the study.

Exposure to supplemental oxygen was 29% lower for those in the conservative oxygen therapy group compared with the usual oxygen therapy group. Of the patients randomised to conservative oxygen therapy, 35.4% died by 90 days compared with 34.9% of patients receiving usual oxygen therapy.

No differences were seen for secondary outcomes, including ICU stay, days free of life support and mortality at various time points. No interactions for confirmed or suspected COVID, ethnicity or other illnesses were observed.

Post hoc analysis showed weak evidence of increased harm from conservative oxygen therapy among the first 10 patients in each site but no difference for the random enhanced data collection sample compared with standard data collection.

Seitz et al. pointed out that the high level of adherence to the conservative target resulted in a mean oxygen saturation of 93.3%, versus 95.1% for usual care. The differences in oxygen saturation (1.9%) and Fio2 (0.04) between the trial groups in UK-ROX were about half the magnitude of some prior trials, due to not aiming for widely separated targets, and usual care varies considerably depending on location and clinical considerations.

Therefore, the researchers concluded that the findings do not support an approach of reducing oxygen exposure by targeting an Spo2 of 90% in mechanically ventilated adults receiving oxygen in the ICU. They suggest that future research may involve using AI to determine specific situations where conservative or liberal oxygen therapy may have beneficial outcomes.

References:

Martin DS, Gould DW, Shahid T, et al. Conservative Oxygen Therapy in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Adult Patients: The UK-ROX Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2025;334(5):398–408. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.9663

Seitz KP, Casey JD, Semler MW. Patient, Treatment, Outcome—Large Simple Trials of Common Therapies. JAMA. 2025;334(5):395–397. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.9657

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Oral Cancer Risk is Greatly Elevated in Cannabis Use Disorder

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Photo by Elsa Olofsson on Unsplash

A recent study by researchers at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine has found that individuals with cannabis use disorder (CUD) are more than three times more likely to develop oral cancer within five years compared to those without CUD. The study, published in Preventive Medicine Reports, highlights the potential long-term health risks associated with problematic cannabis use.

In 2022, 17.7 million people in the US reported daily or near-daily cannabis use. Though CUD requires a formal diagnosis and not all cannabis users develop the disorder, recent research suggests that as many as 3 in 10 cannabis users will develop CUD.

“Cannabis smoke contains many of the same carcinogenic compounds found in tobacco smoke.”

As cannabis becomes more widely available and socially accepted, it is essential to understand its potential health risks. While many consider cannabis to be safer than other drugs, such as tobacco and alcohol, there are still many unknowns about the health impacts of cannabis, particularly how the drug influences cancer risk. The new study sought to determine the relationship between CUD and oral cancer, for which tobacco smoking is known to be a significant risk factor.

“Cannabis smoke contains many of the same carcinogenic compounds found in tobacco smoke, which have known damaging effects on the epithelial tissue that lines the mouth,” said Raphael Cuomo, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Anesthesiology at UC San Diego School of Medicine and member of UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center. “These findings add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that chronic or problematic cannabis use may contribute to cancer risk in tissues exposed to combustion products.”

By analysing the electronic health records from over 45 000 patients, of whom 949 developed CUD, Cuomo found:

  • After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and smoking status, people had a 325% higher likelihood of contracting oral cancer within five years compared to those without CUD.
  • Tobacco smokers with CUD were 624% more likely to contract oral cancer within five years compared to tobacco smokers without CUD.

Because the association between CUD and oral cancer remained even after controlling for smoking status, and because CUD was associated with greater oral cancer risk even when the analysis was restricted to smokers, the researchers hypothesise that there may be other factors underlying this risk in addition to smoke inhalation. For example, THC, the active compound in cannabis, is known to have immune-suppressing effects, which may contribute to increased cancer risk.

While more research is needed to fully explain the association between cannabis and oral cancer, the study’s results have immediate implications for cancer screening practices and public health messaging. In particular, the findings emphasise the need for further research on the long-term effects of cannabis use and the importance of integrating oral health awareness into substance use disorder treatment and counselling.

Source: University of California – San Diego

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Flawed Advice on Drug Safety is Pushing Women to Stop Breastfeeding – New Study

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The evidence supporting the health benefits of breastfeeding is overwhelming, yet many women taking medicines are advised to stop, often unnecessarily.

Photo by Lucy Wolski on Unsplash

The evidence supporting the health benefits of breastfeeding is overwhelming, yet many women taking medicines are being advised to stop, often unnecessarily, according to a new study from the University of Bath.

The research, led by scientists in the Department of Life Sciences at Bath, reveals that concerns about drug safety during breastfeeding are a significant factor in the decision to stop, yet many medications prompting women to stop breastfeeding have either been found to cause no harm in limited studies, or the potential risks to the infant are considered minimal and outweighed by the benefits to the mother.

The new study, published today in the International Breastfeeding Journal, found that up to 18% of women who need a medication stopped breastfeeding due to that medication, rising to up to 58% among those with chronic illnesses.

These findings were supported by a Public Health England survey of 500 UK mothers, where 71% of respondents agreed with the statement, “It (breastfeeding) could prevent me from taking medication.”

The Bath study reviewed research from seven countries across Europe and the USA spanning the past two decades. It was inspired by the researcher’s personal experience as a breastfeeding mother and pharmacist, which led her to undertake a PhD at the University of Bath.

“I suspected the advice I was getting wasn’t right,” said Rachel Pilgrim. “I felt quite nervous challenging the doctor – even though, as a pharmacist, it’s usually part of my job to do that, it felt very different as a patient. But the experience made me think – what it is like for women who don’t feel able to speak up?”

Breastfeeding is widely recommended by health authorities the world over. In the UK, exclusive breastfeeding is advised for the first six months of life, with continued breastfeeding alongside solid foods until at least one year.

Yet, despite widespread promotion of breastfeeding, the UK continues to report some of the lowest breastfeeding rates in Europe. While nearly half of mothers (49%) are breastfeeding at 6-8 weeks after giving birth, only 1% breastfeed exclusively to six months, according to a 2010 UK survey.

International surveys have found that exclusive breastfeeding at six months is reported in 27.2% of infants in the USA, 38% in Canada, and 37.5% in Australia.

The evidence gap

The maternal use of medication during breastfeeding does require caution, as some drugs can pass into breastmilk and affect the baby. However, for many medications, the amount transferred is minimal and unlikely to cause harm.

One problem lies in the lack of clinical trial data, as breastfeeding women are typically excluded from pharmaceutical trials due to the ethical implications of exposing a baby to an untested drug. Information on the effects of a medicine during breastfeeding builds slowly once a new drug starts to be used.

However, key medicines information resources for clinicians, such as the British National Formulary (BNF), often advise against drug use during breastfeeding, not because the medicine is definitely unsafe, but because its effects are not known with certainty. This conservative stance can lead to overly cautious or even incorrect advice. The study found that even for common medications such as antidepressants and painkillers – where safety data is well-established – women are stopping breastfeeding.

“The BNF is the first place most professionals look, but it doesn’t always reflect the full picture,” said Ms Pilgrim.

“As a result, the advice given to women is often incorrect. And even when the safety data is more limited, women need to be given accurate, balanced information that considers both the risks of the medication and the benefits of continued breastfeeding.”

Real-world impact

An evaluation of the Drugs in Breastmilk Service, run by the UK-based Breastfeeding Network, has found that 21% of mothers who contacted the service had been advised to stop breastfeeding by a healthcare professional. In 98% of these cases, this advice was found to be incorrect, and the women could have safely continued breastfeeding.

Alarmingly, fewer than 6% of these women were referred to the service by a healthcare provider – most found it through social media or peer support groups.

This disconnect between available evidence and clinical practice is contributing to unnecessary breastfeeding cessation, says Ms Pilgrim.

Both Ms Pilgrim and Dr Matthew Jones – who co-authored and supervised the study – are sympathetic towards clinicians who err on the side of caution when prescribing to breastfeeding mothers.

Dr Jones, an academic and pharmacist in the Department of Life Sciences at Bath, said: “Double checking the ‘conservative’ advice found in the BNF is highly time consuming.

“In my previous job as an NHS medicines information specialist, I might spend two hours verifying the safety of a drug using more specialist resources. Most people don’t have that kind of time.”

Study co-supervisor Dr Sarah Chapman from King’s College London, added: “We know breastfeeding women frequently choose not to take safe, beneficial medications because of misinformation and worries about effects on their baby; this study shows women also stop breastfeeding unnecessarily.”

Plans to improve safety awareness

Ms Pilgrim will build on her study through a three-phase PhD research project due to start in September and funded by Pharmacy Research UK.

As part of this work, she will develop a resource to make it easier for people to access specialist advice on breastfeeding. This will either be aimed at healthcare professionals or at women themselves.

Her goal is to improve communication between healthcare professionals and women, raise awareness that most drugs are safe to take when breastfeeding and ultimately support more women to continue feeding their babies while taking essential medications.

Source: University of Bath

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How the Brain Controls Its Blood Volume

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Inhibitory neurons and astrocytes hold the key to sharper functional brain imaging –

Image of an astrocyte, a subtype of glial cells. Glial cells are the most common cell in the brain. Credit: Pasca Lab, Stanford University NIH support from: NINDS, NIMH, NIGMS, NCATS

Researchers at the Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) have uncovered a two-step mechanism by which the brain regulates blood volume – a breakthrough with significant implications for how scientists understand and interpret functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

At the core of this study are somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SST neurons), a specialised type of inhibitory neuron. Among all neurons in the brain, approximately 15% are inhibitory neurons, but the role of these neurons in regulating cerebral blood volume has not been clearly elucidated in previous studies, with most of earlier research mainly focusing on the excitatory neurons. The new study by the IBS team sheds light on how inhibitory neurons interact with astrocytes, a type of support cell, to precisely control blood vessel dilation in the brain.

To unravel this complex process, the research team developed mouse models (e.g., SST-ChR2, SST-hM4Di) that allowed selective activation or inhibition of SST neurons. The researchers also used advanced neuroscience techniques in these mice. Specifically, they applied optogenetics and chemogenetics to precisely control the activity of these neurons. To observe the cellular and vascular responses, the team employed calcium imaging to visualise astrocyte activity, electrophysiology to measure neural signals, and intrinsic optical imaging (OIS) alongside ultra-high-field functional MRI (fMRI) to track blood volume dynamics with high spatial and temporal resolution.

Through these experiments, the team uncovered a two-step mechanism of vasodilation. In the early phase, SST neurons, when activated, released nitric oxide (NO) – a powerful vasodilator that triggered rapid and widespread expansion of nearby blood vessels. This was followed by a late phase, in which astrocytes became activated and induced slower, more localised vasodilation, especially during periods of prolonged sensory stimulation.

Figure 1. Somatostatin neurons regulate astrocytes surrounding cerebral blood vessels, enabling more precise delivery of blood volume to specific brain regions, thereby enhancing the spatial accuracy of neurovascular responses. Credit: Institute for Basic Science

Notably, when SST neurons were silenced, the layer-specific precision of blood volume signals observed in fMRI was lost – a finding that links cellular activity directly to spatial specificity in imaging data.

“This two-step mechanism involving inhibitory neurons and astrocytes helps explain why high-resolution fMRI can distinguish activity between different layers of the brain cortex,” the researchers explained. “Our study fills a major gap in understanding how neural signals are translated into the blood volume changes we measure in brain imaging.”

The team also overcame several technical challenges – including distinguishing overlapping signals and timing differences – by integrating multiple imaging techniques and running extensive repeat experiments to validate the causal link between SST neuron activity and vascular responses.

Their findings not only advance basic knowledge of neurovascular coupling, but also open new avenues for investigating neurological and psychiatric conditions in which SST neuron function is impaired, such as Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and autism. The group plans to study disease-model mice to identify how disruptions in this neuron–astrocyte–vascular pathway affect blood volume, brain function, and fMRI signals.

Ultimately, this research lays the groundwork for improving the accuracy of brain imaging interpretation and may lead to better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for brain disorders.

Source: Institute for Basic Science

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Study Reveals Trained Immunity May Cause Lung Damage

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Discovery could help explain why some people are more vulnerable to lung damage during severe inflammation

Photo by Anna Shvets

Trained immunity – a process being explored in vaccine and therapy development to boost immune defences – appears to be counterproductive in certain contexts, researchers at McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (The Institute) have found.

Trained immunity is when the body’s first line of defence remembers past threats and becomes more reactive, responding more strongly to future infections even if they are different, by changing immune cells’ behaviour.

In an earlier study, the researchers had determined beta-glucan, a molecule found in the cell walls of fungi like yeast and mushrooms, can reduce lung damage during influenza infection. That study had focused on beta-glucan’s impact on neutrophils.

However, in a new study, published in the journal eLife, the team found exposure to beta-glucan can reprogram alveolar macrophages in a way that worsens lung damage during severe inflammation caused by viral or bacterial products. These cells help keep the lungs clean by clearing out dust, debris and pathogens.

“To date, most trained immunity research has focused on circulating immune cells that arise from the bone marrow,” said lead author Renaud Prével, a postdoctoral fellow at the Meakins-Christie Laboratories at The Institute. “We wanted to explore whether beta-glucan could induce trained immunity in alveolar macrophages, and whether that might be helpful or harmful.”

The researchers exposed mice to beta-glucan, which is known to trigger trained immunity and is found in some health supplements. A week later, the mice were exposed to signals that mimic severe viral or bacterial infections with sepsis-like phenotype. Using high-resolution microCT scans and fluid analysis, they found that mice given beta-glucan developed significantly more severe lung damage compared to the untreated control group.

To confirm the immune cells were causing the damage, researchers removed them from the mice, and the inflammation went away. When they put trained alveolar macrophages into other mice, the inflammation came back. The cells showed signs of immune training, but surprisingly, this didn’t happen through the usual immune pathways. It needed signals from infections and help from other immune cells.

“Our study shows that immune memory in the lungs is more dynamic than previously thought,” said senior author Maziar Divangahi, Professor of Medicine at McGill and Associate Director of the Meakins-Christie Laboratories. “This could help explain why some individuals develop more severe lung inflammation, especially in settings like sepsis.”

Source: McGill University

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New Study Highlights the Hidden Risk of Polypharmacy for Older Adults

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Inappropriate polypharmacy – the excessive or unnecessary use of multiple medications – is a major driver of emergency hospital admissions among adults aged 65 and over, according to a new study from the Department of Life Sciences at the University of Bath.

The researchers hope their findings will pave the way for the development of a digital tool – such as an app – to proactively identify older adults at risk of medication-related harm and intervene before a hospital visit becomes necessary.

The study, published in Age and Ageing, is the first of its kind to use data-driven methods to explore how potentially inappropriate polypharmacy contributes to short-term hospitalisation in older adults. With this population growing rapidly and facing increased risks of complications from being hospitalised, the findings reinforce concerns in geriatric care over the dangers of overprescribing.

The hidden dangers of overprescribing

Older adults often take multiple medications to manage chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and arthritis. This can lead to prescribing cascades, where side effects from one drug are treated with additional medications, creating a cycle of escalating complexity and risk.

For instance, a patient might be prescribed a drug for pain management, develop high blood pressure as a side effect and then receive another medication to manage that new symptom. Over time, this can lead to a complex web of prescriptions, carrying the risk of harmful interactions.

PhD researcher Robert Olender, who led the study under the supervision of Dr Prasad Nishtala (primary supervisor, from the Department of Life Sciences) and Dr Sandipan Roy (secondary supervisor, from the Depatment of Mathematics) from Bath, said: “With more older adults on complex drug regimens, we need proactive ways to reduce preventable emergency hospitalisations.”

Though the new research is focused on data from the UK, polypharmacy among older adults is known to be a growing problem globally, with studies from countries that include the US, Australia, New Zealand and across Europe consistently linking polypharmacy to increased risks of hospitalisation, adverse drug reactions and reduced quality of life.

In an earlier study based on a New Zealand dataset, also carried out by the team at Bath, a strong correlation was found in older people between a high drug burden, alcohol consumption and smoking with an increased risk of 30-day hospitalisations.

Using machine learning to predict hospitalisation

The study used a large UK dataset to develop three machine learning models capable of predicting 30-day emergency hospitalisation in older adults with around 75% accuracy.

A key variable in these models was the Drug Burden Index (DBI), which measures the cumulative effect of medications with sedative and anticholinergic properties. Anticholinergics are a class of drug used to treat various chronic conditions such as dementia, depression, urinary incontinence and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The cumulative effects of these drugs consistently emerged as one of the strongest predictors of a person being at risk of emergency hospitalisation. Other predictors included impaired mobility, a history of fractures and falls, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

What makes this study unique is its focus on a previously underexplored dataset and age group, offering new insights into a long-standing issue. While the dangers of polypharmacy are well known, this research highlights the link between polypharmacy and short-term hospitalisation. It also lays the groundwork for a potential tool to identify at-risk patients and guide them toward safer care.

From research to real-life impact

The research team envisions an app for clinicians that uses a simple questionnaire to assess a patient’s risk of hospitalisation. Questions might include current prescriptions, lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking and alcohol use) and chronic conditions like cancer or hypertension. The tool would then generate a risk score, allowing clinicians to make informed decisions in real time.

Such a tool could serve as a low-cost, high-impact intervention to keep patients safe and create savings for the NHS. By identifying high-risk patients early, clinicians may adjust medication regimens, encourage physical activity or address modifiable lifestyle factors – simple steps that could significantly reduce an individual’s risk of an emergency hospital admission.

While the app could be developed relatively quickly, integrating it into clinical workflows would require regulatory approval and trials. However, the potential benefits – fewer hospital admissions, improved patient safety, and reduced healthcare costs – make this a compelling investment, the researchers believe.

The team hopes such a tool would raise awareness among healthcare professionals, particularly those in primary care, community pharmacies and hospices, where early intervention could help prevent emergency hospital admissions.

Source: University of Bath

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A Revolutionary ‘Single Shot’ Malaria Vaccine Delivery System

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Oxford researchers have developed programmable microcapsules to deliver vaccines in stages, potentially eliminating the need for booster shots and increasing immunisation coverage in hard-to-reach communities.

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A team of scientists at the University of Oxford has developed an innovative vaccine delivery system that could allow a full course of immunisation – both initial and booster doses – to be delivered in just one injection. In preclinical trials, the technology provided strong protection against malaria, matching the efficacy of traditional multi-dose vaccination regimens.

Luca Bau, Senior Researcher from the Institute of Biomedical Engineering, said: ‘Reducing the number of clinic visits needed for full vaccination could make a major difference in communities where healthcare access is limited. Our goal is to help remove the barriers that stand in the way of people benefiting from life-saving medical innovations.’

The findings offer hope for a simpler, more effective approach to immunisation, particularly in regions where access to follow-up healthcare is limited.

A new weapon in the fight against preventable diseases

The research, published in Science Translational Medicine, addresses a major challenge in global health: ensuring people return for all required vaccine doses. Missed boosters are one of the biggest barriers to achieving full immunisation, leaving millions vulnerable to preventable infectious diseases.

To tackle this, the Oxford team developed tiny biodegradable capsules that can be co-injected with the first vaccine dose and programmed to release the booster dose weeks or months later. In a mouse model, this “single shot” strategy using the R21 malaria vaccine protected against the disease nearly as effectively as the standard two-dose schedule.

Simple, scalable, and injectable

The microcapsules are made using a patented chip-based microfluidics system that is compatible with existing pharmaceutical production methods. This means the technology can be scaled up rapidly for clinical use and eventual deployment in the field.

Romain Guyon, Post-Doctoral Scientist, inventor of the technology and the lead author on the study said: ‘Our approach solves three of the biggest problems in delayed vaccine delivery: how to make it programmable, injectable, and scalable. The microcapsules are precisely engineered to act as a tiny, timed-release vault, allowing us to dictate exactly when the booster dose is released. We believe this could be a gamechanger not just for malaria but for many other vaccines requiring multiple doses or other complex therapeutic regimens.’

The capsules are made from an approved biodegradable polymer (PLGA) and filled with the R21 malaria vaccine. Once injected, the priming dose works immediately, while the capsules burst within the body to release the booster after a set delay. Researchers were able to fine-tune this delay from two weeks to several months.

Looking ahead

The team is now working to adapt the manufacturing process in preparation for early-stage human trials, attracting interest from pharmaceutical partners and global health organisations.

Anita Milicic, Associate Professor at the Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, said: ‘This is the exciting first step in proving that it is possible to administer the full immunisation complement through a single injection. We now turn to the next challenge: adapting and refining the approach for translation into the clinic, towards ultimately delivering a real-world impact.’

If successful, this technology could revolutionise vaccination campaigns, particularly in areas where logistics and healthcare access make booster schedules impractical. With 20.5 million children missing routine vaccinations in 2022 alone, the implications of a truly single-dose vaccine could be enormous.

Source: University of Oxford