Tag: 28/9/26

Sunflower Month’s Hope that Lasts: The Baby who Inspired a Donor

Photo by William Fortunato on Pexels

A chance encounter in a hospital waiting area led to a remarkable full-circle moment when a South African stem cell donor unknowingly saved the life of the very child who inspired her to join the registry.

In October 2022, Petro was walking into a hospital in Centurion for a routine check-up when she stopped to speak to a grandmother sitting near the entrance with a baby on her lap. The little girl, just a few months old, was receiving treatment for leukaemia. Petro went in for her appointment, went home, and could not stop thinking about her.

“That was quite a powerful meeting, realising that this was a really sick baby, and that her life depended on having a life-saving stem cell transplant,” she recalls. Within days, she had ordered a swab kit and joined the South African stem cell registry.

The little girl was Lydia.

Her family had first noticed something was wrong after noticing a yellow cast on her skin in a photograph taken with her older brother, something that nobody had registered in the day-to-day. At four months old, Lydia was diagnosed with Infant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia and admitted to hospital the same day. Long blocks of chemotherapy followed, along with recurring infections her weakened immune system could no longer fight, and a week in intensive care with pneumonia.

“When Lydia was diagnosed, our whole world changed,” her mother, Estelle, remembers.

Her medical team had been clear from the start that a stem cell transplant offered the best chance of survival. Towards the end of 2022, the family received the news they had been hoping for: a donor match had been identified. Shortly before the scheduled transplant, the planned donation was unable to proceed.

“This broke my heart,” Estelle shares. “It felt like we were back at the beginning again, and that was painful.”

The search resumed with no guarantee it would end differently. Only 30% of patients needing a transplant find a compatible donor within their own family. For Lydia, that meant her chances depended on an unrelated donor somewhere in the world whose tissue type matched hers.

When the call came, Petro was nearing 50 and half expected to be told she no longer qualified. “I was actually quite happy and honoured, because I knew this is it,” she explains. “I knew there was a patient on the other side who really needed this as a life-saving measure.”

She describes the donation process as straightforward. “It was nothing more than a blood donation times two, basically. It’s a few hours out of your day.” 

Lydia was admitted for her transplant in February and spent nearly seven weeks in isolation with her mother. Gradually, signs of recovery emerged. She began eating again. She started to put on weight.

Months later, once the confidentiality period had lapsed, Petro joined a WhatsApp call with Lydia’s family. She began telling them why she had registered: the hospital in Centurion, the baby, and the grandmother at the entrance. As she spoke, she noticed the family starting to smile. The grandmother was on the call too.

“Lydia’s mother told me that they were that patient, they were that family,” she says. “I was absolutely flabbergasted. What are the odds of that happening?”

Her own family took it just as hard. “My mother cries every time we talk about Lydia,” Petro adds. “She remembers seeing her at the hospital when she was so tiny.”

Lydia is now four years old. She has caught up on developmental milestones she had missed and has not been readmitted since the transplant. “She will always have a special place in my heart,” Petro says. “She’s got her whole life in front of her.”

The cost behind every match 

None of it happens without a swab kit, and a swab kit is not free. Signing up costs the person registering nothing, but every entry carries a cost, most of it in the laboratory tissue typing that turns two cheek swabs into a searchable set of markers. This year, Sunflower Month is being marked under the theme Hope That Lasts, with every financial contribution helping to fund another registration through the laboratory and onto the registry, where a searching medical team can find it.

Held each September, the initiative dates back to 1999 and the founding of The Sunflower Fund, after two young South Africans, Darren Serebro and Chris Corlett, were diagnosed with leukaemia. Corlett painted a picture during treatment and called it Sunflowers of Hope. Following their passing, a vision to grow the registry so patients would have a better chance of finding a match. More than two decades later, Lydia became one of those patients, diagnosed with the same illness.

South Africans between the ages of 17 and 55 who are in good health can register as stem cell donors at no cost.

Petro has one message for anyone weighing it up. “Take that responsibility seriously and really commit. You can mean the difference between life and death for a patient.”

Palesa Mokomele, Head of Community Engagement and Communications at DKMS Africa, says the gap between a willing volunteer and a usable match is a financial one. “Every contribution puts another swab through the laboratory and another name on the registry. If you are eligible, order a kit. If you are not, fund one. And say something about it to the people you know, because Petro only registered because a stranger at a hospital told her what was happening. This year’s theme is a reminder that something you do today can make a difference years from now, perhaps for someone you have never even met.”

Underweight Patients Face 92% Increased Mortality Risk After Emergency General Surgery

Researchers analysing data from more than 334 000 patients find that underweight patients face the highest risk of death

Photo by Piron Guillaume on Unsplash

Underweight patients are more likely to die after emergency general surgery than patients who are normal weight or overweight, and patients who are both frail and underweight face an even higher risk of death and other adverse clinical outcomes, according to new research findings. The study drew on the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP®) database, which covers more than 334 000 adults who had emergency general surgery between 2019 and 2024. 

The research will be presented at the American College of Surgeons (ACS) Clinical Congress 2026 in Washington, Sept. 26-29, where thousands of surgeons will convene to advance surgical quality, patient safety, and access to care. 

“Our study shows that patients who are both underweight and frail have the worst outcomes. We also saw that frailty reduces the positive impact of the obesity paradox – the finding that patients who are overweight, but not at the extremes of obesity, tend to have better outcomes. That protective effect is lost if a patient is frail,” said lead study author Ellen Cohn, MD, MPH, a third-year general surgery resident at the University of Chicago.  

“What we take away from this study is that risk can be mitigated. We can make real-world changes to body mass index (BMI), and physical therapy can reduce frailty. What is unique about our study is that we were able to look at the impact of BMI and frailty together,” she said. 

Using the ACS NSQIP database, researchers identified all adults, age 18 and older, in the U.S. who had emergency general surgery procedures between 2019 and 2024. ACS NSQIP is the leading nationally validated, risk-adjusted, outcomes-based program to measure and improve the quality of surgical care in hospitals. More than 600 hospitals participate in the ACS NSQIP adult program, which began enrolling private sector hospitals beginning in 2004.  

The ACS NSQIP data allowed researchers to evaluate the relationship between BMI and level of frailty on outcomes including death, hospital length of stay, and readmission rates 30 days after initial admission, as well as the interaction between BMI and frailty and their combined associated risk on these outcomes. Frailty was assessed on a scale with values from one to five, with one indicating patients who had one comorbidity such as diabetes or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and five indicating patients who had five diseases and were severely frail.  

Study Results 

Among 334 278 patients included in the analysis, 37.6% were frail, more than one in three. 

After adjusting for clinical factors, underweight patients had the highest risk of death, with 92% increased odds compared with normal-weight, non-frail patients. In contrast, obese patients had lower odds of death than normal-weight patients: 43% lower at a BMI of 30.0–34.9 and 27% lower at 35.0–39.9. At a BMI of 40 or higher, there was no significant difference. 

Frailty alone was associated with 59% increased odds of death. 

Compared to patients who were normal weight and not frail, those who were both underweight and frail had the worst outcomes across all measures: 9.8% mortality, 15.8% readmission rates, an average length of stay of 8.2 days, and an 88.5% discharge-to-home rate. For comparison, non-frail patients had a discharge to home rate of 96.9% and normal weight patients 90.3%. 

Frailty reduced the protective effect of obesity on mortality. People who were both frail and obese faced 22% increased odds of death, whereas those who were obese but not frail remained 7% less likely to die after emergency general surgery. 

“While the focus of our study was on underweight and frail patients, we were surprised to find that obese patients did better,” said study co-author Justin S. Hatchimonji, MD, assistant professor of surgery in the section of trauma and acute care surgery at the University of Chicago.  

“I think recognizing the importance of not only underweight status, but also frailty, helps emergency general surgeons plan for postoperative outcomes and think about how to best manage these patients over the long term.” 

Dr. Cohn said the findings can be used to improve postoperative outcomes regardless of frailty scores.  

“Thinking about older patients, it’s important to focus on what we can affect: nutrition, making sure protein goals are met, bone health, and vitamins,” she said. “Keeping patients healthy that way can have a bigger impact on outcomes than the other comorbidities that make up the frailty score. We know that you can change underweight status and as a result get a better outcome.” 

A limitation of the study is that a large database study cannot prove cause and effect, only an association.

Source: American College of Surgeons

UP Researchers Say SA’s Genetic Diversity is Reshaping the Future of Medicine

Photo by Sangharsh Lohakare on Unsplash

Being part of a genetically diverse South Africa means recognising that our differences are not obstacles to be managed, but powerful lenses through which we can better understand health and disease. Professor Michael Pepper, Director of the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the University of Pretoria, notes that South Africa is uniquely positioned to address this gap.

A patient arrives at a public clinic in Gauteng for diabetes treatment and responds well to standard medication. Her sister is treated for the same condition at a nearby facility, and despite identical diagnoses and treatments, their outcomes diverge sharply. In South Africa’s overstretched health system, such differences are common and point to a deeper issue: how biology is shaped by both genetic inheritance and experience.

South Africa’s diversity is often framed culturally and politically, but it is also biological. The population reflects some of the oldest human lineages, shaped by centuries of migration and admixture across African, European, Asian and other ancestries. This genetic variation is further shaped by unequal exposure to environmental and social factors, such as nutrition, infectious disease, pollution and access to healthcare, all of which influence health outcomes.

Much of modern biomedical knowledge is based on studies conducted in relatively genetically homogeneous populations in Europe and North America. While these have enabled major medical advances, findings do not always translate directly to South African contexts. Genetic risk variants and treatment responses observed in one population may differ in another, highlighting a gap between global knowledge and local reality.

“Our genetic diversity allows researchers to observe how the manifestation of diseases such as cancer, hypertension, diabetes and HIV is the result of multiple biological determinants, rather than a single one,” says Prof Pepper.

This has practical implications. South Africa faces a dual burden of infectious diseases like HIV and tuberculosis alongside rising non-communicable diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Many patients experience both, often compounded by socio-economic inequality. Understanding how genetics interacts with the environment (including infection) is essential for effective disease management.

At research centres such as the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, scientists are studying how genetic variation influences immune responses, cellular repair mechanisms and treatment outcomes.

“The aim is to advance precision medicine that works across diverse real-world populations, not just narrow genetic groups,” Prof Pepper says.

South Africa’s diversity also has global scientific value. Findings from its population can reveal disease mechanisms that remain hidden in more genetically uniform settings. In this way, local diversity becomes a source of international scientific insight and the common good.

Yet the impact of this research depends on inclusion. When diverse students, clinicians and researchers participate in science, the questions asked and interpretations made become more grounded in real-world contexts. This shapes not only what science discovers, but who it ultimately serves.

Why this research matters

South Africa’s healthcare system remains under strain, facing deep inequities and a growing burden of chronic disease. Yet within its population lies an underused scientific advantage: the ability to illuminate how disease truly behaves across human diversity. Recognising this does not simplify the country’s healthcare challenges, but it does offer a clearer lens through which to address them. In a system striving for equity, that perspective is not optional. It may be one of the most powerful tools we have. This research helps to address UN SDG 3: Good Health and Wellbeing.

This article first appeared in RE.SEARCH 15: Belonging. Read more here.

Addiction is Linked to an Increased Risk of Suicide

Photo by Andrew Neel on Unsplash

People with substance use disorder are at a significantly higher risk of both attempted suicide and death by suicide. This is shown by a study from the Karolinska Institutet published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry. The study also shows that the risk of suicidal behaviour is elevated among relatives of people with substance use disorder, particularly among close relatives.

In the study, the researchers analysed data from Swedish national registers covering just over 4.2 million people born in Sweden between 1958 and 1999. The participants were followed from 1973 to 2020. The researchers investigated the link between substance use disorders – that is, problematic use of alcohol or drugs – and suicidal behaviour, defined as suicide attempts or death by suicide.

Of the approximately 258 000 people who had been diagnosed with a substance use disorder, 23 per cent had at some point attempted suicide or died by suicide. The corresponding proportion among people without such a diagnosis was 1.5 per cent. The highest prevalence was seen among people with both alcohol and drug dependence, where 44 per cent had experienced a suicidal event.

After the researchers had taken into account factors such as gender, year of birth, socio-economic circumstances and other psychiatric diagnoses, a clearly elevated risk remained. People with substance use disorder had more than six times the risk of suicidal behaviour compared with those without the diagnosis. The risk was highest for those with both alcohol and drug dependence.

Relatives at risk

The researchers also investigated whether the risk runs in families. The analysis showed that people whose relatives had substance use disorders were more likely to have experienced a suicidal event themselves. The association was stronger between close relatives than between more distant relatives, suggesting that genetic factors may play a role. Shared environmental factors within the family may also be significant.

“Our findings suggest that a family history of substance use disorder is not only a risk factor for one’s own addiction problems but may also be a marker of an increased risk of suicidal behaviour,” says lead author Lotfi Khemiri, a specialist in psychiatry and researcher at Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet.

The researchers emphasise that the findings may be important for clinical practice. According to the study, healthcare professionals should be aware of the increased risk of suicide among people with substance use disorders, particularly those who also have alcohol and drug dependence or other psychiatric diagnoses.

“The study also highlights the need for further research into interventions that can prevent suicide among people with substance use disorders. Just as with other psychiatric conditions, it is important that staff who come into contact with people with substance use disorders are aware of the increased risk of suicide and know how to assess it,” says Lotfi Khemiri.

The researchers emphasise that the study is based on diagnoses recorded within specialist healthcare and therefore primarily reflects the more severe forms of substance use disorders. As the study is based on Swedish register data, it is also unclear to what extent the results can be generalised to other countries. 

See the study for details of funding and any conflicts of interest. 

Source: Karolinska Instutet

Dietary Patterns Linked to Favourable Ageing Biomarkers

Photo by Gustavo Fring

Older adults who follow healthy dietary patterns have blood biomarker levels associated with more favourable biological processes relevant to ageing. This is shown in a study from Karolinska Institutet published in the journal BMC Medicine. The findings may contribute to a better understanding of how dietary habits are related to the body’s ageing processes.

Researchers have long known that diet plays an important role in health later in life, but the biological mechanisms underlying these associations are not yet fully understood. In the current study, researchers cross-sectionally investigated how different dietary patterns are associated with a broad range of blood biomarkers reflecting metabolism, inflammation, vascular health and neurodegenerative processes related to ageing.

The study included 1,769 people aged 60 years and over who participated in the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). Participants answered questions about their dietary habits over the previous year, and researchers simultaneously analysed 54 different blood biomarkers. 

Three dietary patterns

The researchers examined three dietary patterns that have previously been linked to good health: a Mediterranean-style diet, an index of overall dietary quality, and a measure of the inflammatory potential of the diet. Greater adherence to these dietary patterns was associated with favourable levels of several biomarkers. This included higher folate levels and lower levels of growth differentiation factor 15, which were observed consistently across all three patterns. Additional associations with biomarkers linked to inflammation, metabolism and neurodegenerative processes were specific to individual dietary patterns.

“Our findings suggest that healthy dietary patterns are associated with several biological processes that are important for how we age. This reinforces the view of diet as a modifiable factor that may contribute to healthy ageing,” says Rachel Ann Da Costa, researcher at the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, and first author of the study.

The dietary pattern with lower inflammatory potential showed associations with the greatest number of biomarkers, particularly those linked to inflammation and metabolism. According to the researchers, this may indicate that the inflammatory properties of diet are related to several interconnected biological processes involved in ageing.

More studies needed

As the study examined associations at a single point in time, it cannot establish cause and effect. The researchers also emphasise that participants mainly consisted of older adults from the Stockholm area with relatively high levels of education, which may limit the generalisability of the findings to other populations.

“We now need more longitudinal and intervention studies to investigate whether changes in diet also lead to changes in the biological markers we have studied,” says Adrián Carballo-Casla, researcher at the same department and last author of the study.

The study was conducted in collaboration between researchers at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBERESP in Spain, as well as the University of Ljubljana in Slovenia. The study is based on data from SNAC-K. Funding was provided by, among others, the Swedish Research Council, Forte, Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation, the Dementia Foundation, the Foundation for Geriatric Diseases at Karolinska Institutet, the David and Astrid Hagelén Foundation, and Swedish government departments, regions and municipalities. The researchers report no conflicts of interest.

Three ways of measuring diet quality

Alternative Mediterranean Diet (AMED)

A dietary pattern based on the traditional Mediterranean diet. Higher scores are awarded for a high consumption of vegetables, legumes, fruit, nuts, whole grains and fish. A high proportion of unsaturated fats and moderate alcohol consumption are also scored positively. Lower consumption of red meat and dairy products likewise contributes to a higher score.

Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)

A scientifically developed index that measures overall diet quality. Higher scores are awarded for foods such as vegetables, fruit, whole grains, legumes, nuts, fish, healthy fats and moderate alcohol consumption. Lower scores are given for high consumption of red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, trans fats and sodium.

Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index (EDII)

A measure that estimates how diet influences inflammation in the body. In this study, a reverse version of the index was used, with higher scores corresponding to a diet with lower inflammatory potential. Components such as leafy green and dark yellow vegetables, fruit juices, coffee and tea receive higher scores, while higher consumption of red and processed meat, refined grain products and sugar-sweetened beverages results in lower scores.

Source: Karolinska Institutet