Category: Injury & Trauma

Categories : Injury & Trauma NeurologyTags :

Glasgow Coma Scale Joined by New Measures to Assess TBI

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Photo by Anna Shvets on Pexels

Trauma centres in the United States will begin to test a new approach for assessing traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is expected to lead to more accurate diagnoses and more appropriate treatment and follow-up for patients.

The new framework, which was developed by a coalition of experts and patients from 14 countries and spearheaded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), expands the assessment beyond immediate clinical symptoms. Added criteria would include biomarkers, CT and MRI scans, and factors such as other medical conditions and how the trauma occurred.

The framework appears in the May 20 issue of Lancet Neurology.

For 51 years, trauma centres have used the Glasgow Coma Scale to assess patients with TBI, roughly dividing them into mild, moderate, and severe categories, based solely on their level of consciousness and a handful of other clinical symptoms.

That diagnosis determined the level of care patients received in the emergency department and afterward. For severe cases, it also influenced the guidance doctors gave the patients’ families, including recommendations around the removal of life support. Yet, doctors have long understood that those tests did not tell the whole story.

“There are patients diagnosed with concussion whose symptoms are dismissed and receive no follow-up because it’s ‘only’ concussion, and they go on to live with debilitating symptoms that destroy their quality of life,” said corresponding author Geoffrey Manley, MD, PhD, professor of neurosurgery at UC San Francisco and a member of the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences. “On the other hand, there are patients diagnosed with ‘severe TBI’ who were eventually able to live full lives after their families were asked to consider removing life-sustaining treatment.”

In the US, TBI resulted in approximately 70 000 deaths in 2021 and accounts for about half-a-million permanent disabilities each year. Motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assault are the most common causes.

New system will better match patients to treatments

Known as CBI-M, the framework comprises four pillars – clinical, biomarker, imaging, and modifiers – that were developed by working groups of federal partners, TBI experts, scientists, and patients.

“The proposed framework marks a major step forward,” said co-senior author Michael McCrea, PhD, professor of neurosurgery and co-director of the Center for Neurotrauma Research at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. “We will be much better equipped to match patients to treatments that give them the best chance of survival, recovery, and return to normal life function.”

The framework was led by the NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH-NINDS), for which Manley, McCrea, and their co-first and co-senior authors are members of the steering committee on improving TBI characterisation.

The clinical pillar retains the Glasgow Coma Scale’s total score as a central element of the assessment, measuring consciousness and pupil reactivity as an indication of brain function. The framework recommends including the scale’s responses to eye, verbal, and motor commands or stimuli, presence of amnesia, and symptoms like headache, dizziness, and noise sensitivity.

“This pillar should be assessed as first priority in all patients,” said co-senior author Andrew Maas, MD, PhD, emeritus professor of neurosurgery at the Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium. “Research has shown that the elements of this pillar are highly predictive of injury severity and patient outcome.”

Biomarkers, imaging, modifiers offer critical clues to recovery

The second pillar uses biomarkers identified in blood tests to provide objective indicators of tissue damage, overcoming the limitations of clinical assessment that may inadvertently include symptoms unrelated to TBI.

Significantly, low levels of these biomarkers determine which patients do not require CT scans, reducing unnecessary radiation exposure and health care costs. These patients can then be discharged. In those with more severe injuries, CT and MRI imaging – the framework’s third pillar – are important in identifying blood clots, bleeding, and lesions that point to present and future symptoms.

Source: University of California – San Francisco

Categories : Injury & Trauma Regenerative MedicineTags :

Hope for Severe Burns Patients with New Skin Substitutes

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A dermal matrix – one of the latest advancements to regenerate skin after severe burns.

Severe burns remain one of the most challenging injuries to treat, causing high disease and death rates worldwide, but Australian researchers have flagged some promising new approaches that could save lives and dramatically improve patient recovery.

In a comprehensive review published in Advanced Therapeutics, researchers from the University of South Australia (UniSA), University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) explore the latest advancements in dermal substitutes – biochemicals used to replace damaged skin – with a particular focus on combating infection and enhancing tissue regeneration following catastrophic burns.

The researchers say that despite decades of progress, traditional treatments such as skin grafting often fail to provide adequate healing and infection control, leading to prolonged hospital stays and soaring healthcare costs.

According to the lead authors Dr Zlatko Kopecki and Dr Bronwyn Dearman, the urgency to develop safer, more effective solutions has never been greater.

“Infections are a major cause of complications and mortality in burn patients,” says Dr Kopecki, a Research Fellow at UniSA’s Future Industries Institute.

“We must innovate beyond conventional methods and develop therapies that regenerate tissue while actively preventing infections.”

Each year, approximately 2423 Australians are admitted to hospital with burn-related injuries, 74% of whom require surgery, including a skin graft. Globally, 180 000 people die from burns each year, and approximately 10 million are hospitalised, costing healthcare systems $112 billion worldwide.

The review highlights that while many commercial skin substitutes exist, very few offer integrated antimicrobial protection – a critical factor given the vulnerability of burn wounds to bacterial invasion and sepsis.

The paper discusses emerging technologies such as Kerecis, a novel fish skin graft with inherent antimicrobial properties, and NovoSorb BTM, a synthetic biodegradable matrix that resists bacterial colonisation without relying on antibiotics.

Both products represent a new generation of dermal substitutes with enhanced potential to protect and heal complex burns.

Kerecis comes from wild Atlantic cod, caught from a sustainable fish stock in pristine Icelandic waters and processed using renewable energy. It stands out for retaining natural omega-3 fatty acids, which have strong antimicrobial effects and promote wound healing.

Meanwhile, NovoSorb BTM’s unique polyurethane matrix offers structural resilience even in infected wounds, providing a vital scaffold for tissue regeneration.

“These materials demonstrate a shift towards multifunctional therapies that combine structural support with infection resistance,” says Dr Dearman, Principal Medical Scientist for the Skin Engineering Laboratory at the RAH and an Adjunct Lecturer at the University of Adelaide.

“Such innovations are crucial, particularly as antibiotic-resistant infections continue to rise globally,” she says.

The review calls for the next wave of research to integrate active antimicrobial agents directly into 3D dermal scaffolds that support cell growth, reducing the reliance on antibiotics and temporary dressings.

Beyond infection control, the research points to scarless healing as the future frontier of burn care.

By combining smart biomaterials with cell-based therapies, scientists aim to regenerate skin that restores its full function – an outcome that could revolutionise the recovery for millions of burn survivors worldwide.

Source: University of South Australia

Categories : General Interest Injury & TraumaTags :

Roman-era Skeleton from Britain is Rare Evidence of Human–animal Gladiator Combat

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The bones show evidence of bite marks from a large cat such as a lion, used in some gladiator shows

Although most Roman-era gladiators are believed to have mostly fought animal as well as human opponents, to date there has been little archaelogical evidence of this. Photo by David Cruz asenjo

A skeleton from Roman-era England has bite marks consistent with those of a large cat like a lion, suggesting that this individual may have died as part of a gladiator show or execution, according to a study published April 23, 2025 in the open-access journal PLOS One by Tim Thompson from Maynooth University, Ireland, and colleagues.

Records of gladiator combat in the Roman Empire have been well-documented, with evidence of both human-human conflicts and fights between humans and animals such as lions and bears. But actual gladiator remains are relatively scarce in the archaeological record – and in Britain specifically, which was occupied by the Romans from the first through fifth centuries, there has so far been no confirmed evidence of human-animal combat.

Puncture injuries by large felid scavenging on both sides of bone. Credit: Thompson et al., 2025, PLOS One, CC-BY 4.0

The skeleton described in the new paper was likely buried sometime between 200-300 CE, near the Roman city of Eboracum, which is now York. This site contains the remains of mostly younger men, often with evidence of trauma, which has led to speculation that it could be a gladiator burial site. This specific skeleton has a series of depressions on the pelvis, which had previously been suggested as possible evidence of carnivore bites. By creating a three-dimensional scan of these marks, the researchers on this new study could compare these marks to bites from a variety of different animals.

They determined that these marks were likely bite marks from a large cat, possibly a lion. Since they were on the pelvis, they note it’s possible that these bites came as a result of the lion scavenging on the body around the time of death.

This skeleton is the first direct, physical evidence of human-animal combat from Europe during the Roman Empire. By demonstrating the possibility of gladiatorial combat or similar spectacles in modern York, this finding also gives archaeologists and historians new insight into the life and history of Roman-era England.

Lead author Prof Tim Thompson, of Maynooth University, adds: “The implications of our multidisciplinary study are huge. Here we have physical evidence for the spectacle of the Roman Empire and the dangerous gladiatorial combat on show. This provides new evidence to support our understanding of the past.”

Co-author Dr John Pearce, of King’s College London, adds: “As tangible witnesses to spectacles in Britain’s Roman amphitheatres, the bitemarks help us appreciate these spaces as settings for brutal demonstrations of power. They make an important contribution to desanitising our Roman past.”   

David Jennings, CEO of York Archaeology, adds: “One of the wonderful things about archaeology is that we continue to make discoveries even years after a dig has concluded, as research methods and technology enable us to explore the past in more detail; it is now 20 years since we unearthed 80 burials at Driffield Terrace. This latest research gives us a remarkable insight into the life – and death – of this particular individual, and adds to both previous and ongoing genome research into the origins of some of the men buried in this particular Roman cemetery. We may never know what brought this man to the arena where we believe he may have been fighting for the entertainment of others, but it is remarkable that the first osteo-archaeological evidence for this kind of gladiatorial combat has been found so far from the Colosseum of Rome, which would have been the classical world’s Wembley Stadium of combat.”

Provided by PLOS

Categories : Injury & TraumaTags :

Shouldering the Burden of How to Treat Shoulder Pain

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Photo by Kampus Production

Shoulders are, in many ways, a marvel. One shoulder has four separate joints, packed with muscles, that allow us to move our arm in eight different major ways, giving us the most degrees of freedom of any joint in the body. We can swim, toss, hug, and even punch because of the movement our shoulders enable.

But the same complexity that allows us such motion also presents opportunities for pain when something goes wrong. Another complication: shoulders change as we age, and new types of injuries come with it. Clinical practitioners face the daunting task of keeping up on the latest developments to treat a range of injuries as wide as Michael Phelps’ wingspan.

“It’s not that shoulder problems are unique to one particular age or for one particular group of individuals, but rather that they can arise throughout our lifetime,” said Paul Salamh, visiting associate professor of rehabilitation sciences at Tufts University School of Medicine. “Because we ask our shoulders to do so much, they’re vulnerable to a wide range of issues.”   

It can also be a challenge for health care providers to keep up with all of the latest evidence-based research on treating shoulder injuries. That’s why Salamh served as the lead author on two recently published papers, the research for which was conducted while he worked at the University of Indianapolis, about efforts to help coalesce this information and make it easier for everyone to understand.

In a paper published recently in the International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, Salamh and other researchers conducted a systematic review of 19 papers on shoulder injuries. That review included four studies encompassing 7802 athletes in baseball, handball, swimming, tennis, cricket, American football, and also multi-sport athletes and people in the military. The reason to focus on athletes, Salamh said, was because the rate of shoulder and elbow pain in athletes in these “overhead” sports is increasing. A 2022 study estimated that nearly 11% of athletes between the ages of 5 to 18 years old experience a shoulder injury. 

Overall, the research team found five risk factors for athletes developing shoulder pain, two that can’t be changed (local and regional musculoskeletal pain) and three that can (range of motion, strength, and training load).  

These findings are supportive of a drilling-down approach to risk factors specific to body region, sport, and where applicable, position played in that sport, said Salamh. “There is a lot that can be looked at specifically in each sport. For example, the range of motion that would predispose a swimmer to a shoulder injury is different than that for someone playing lacrosse,” he said, adding that the same is true with strength of muscle or muscle groups within a particular sport. 

In a paper published recently in the Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy, Salamh and a team of researchers addressed a decade’s worth of research on the risk factors, aetiology, diagnosis, and management of frozen shoulder, an inflammatory condition that causes unrelenting stiffness and pain in the shoulder that can last for years.

For this paper, 14 international experts discussed and identified possible risk factors for the condition and symptoms that most often lead to a diagnosis. They also examined 33 different treatment options and categorised them into effectiveness for treating frozen shoulder in its earlier stages when pain is more prominent than stiffness, and later stages, when stiffness is a bigger problem than pain. 

“The treatment we would intervene with varies significantly depending on the stage of the condition,” Salamh said. “Depending on where they are in this process, we could be doing something that could be more painful and create more problems for individuals than be helpful.”

Overall, Salamh hopes that these types of papers and future research can lead to better understanding of what this unique joint requires to stay healthy along the course of our lives. “We want to take the complexity of the shoulder and not simplify it but make it more manageable and digestible for patients, clinicians, and researchers,” he said.

Source: Tufts University

Categories : Injury & TraumaTags :

Heads up – School Rugby and Head Injuries Explained

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The rugby season is kicking off in schools across South Africa and players, parents, coaches and referees are preparing for exciting, yet physically demanding matches. In many sports, injuries are an unfortunate, common occurrence. Rugby, inherently a contact sport, also carries the inevitable risk of head injuries, ranging from minor concussions to severe Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs).

The importance of early detection

The early detection of head injuries is essential for effective treatment and preventing further complications. In many cases, the symptoms of a concussion or TBIs may not be immediately apparent and athletes may continue playing which can lead to further damage.

Accurate diagnosis and management of head injuries require a combination of clinical evaluation and advanced imaging techniques. Dr Hofmeyr Viljoen, radiologist at SCP Radiology talks about the nature of these injuries, the critical role radiology plays in diagnosing and managing them and what preventative measures can be taken.

Understanding head injuries in rugby

Dr Viljoen explains that there are several types of head injuries common in rugby. ‘The most frequent is concussion, a mild traumatic brain injury occurring when the brain is jolted inside the skull from an impact or violent movement. Concussions can be mild or lead to significant short and long-term issues. Occasionally, with more severe injuries we see skull fractures, contusions and haemorrhage surrounding the brain. These require urgent diagnosis and management.’

Recognising the symptoms

He emphasises awareness of concussion symptoms, including headaches, dizziness, nausea, confusion, memory problems, sensitivity to light and difficulty concentrating. ‘Immediate recognition is vital,’ he explains. ‘A player with any of these symptoms must be removed from play immediately to prevent further injury.’

The role of radiology

Radiology plays an essential part in accurately diagnosing the extent of head injuries. According to Dr Viljoen, Computed Tomography (CT) scans are always the first imaging method used in emergency settings. Although patients with concussion typically do not have significant imaging findings, it is crucial to image those patients with severe concussion or atypical symptoms. ‘CT scans rapidly detect serious issues like fractures, brain swelling and bleeding, providing crucial information for urgent treatment decisions,’ he explains.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is used in situations requiring more detailed evaluation, particularly when concussion symptoms persist or worsen. ‘MRI excels in identifying subtle injuries, such as microbleeds and brain swelling, often missed by CT scans,’ says Dr Viljoen. Unlike CT scans, MRI does not use radiation, making it a safer option for repeated assessments over time.

Advanced imaging methods

Emerging imaging techniques, such as Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), show promise for better understanding and management of head injuries, especially the subtle effects of concussions. ‘DTI helps identify damage to the brain’s white matter, potentially guiding return-to-play decisions and treatment strategies,’ notes Dr Viljoen.

Understanding possible complications – Second Impact Syndrome (SIS)

SIS is a rare but extremely serious condition that occurs when a person sustains a second concussion before fully recovering from an initial concussion. This second injury doesn’t have to be severe to trigger SIS – it can even be minor – but it causes rapid and severe brain swelling (cerebral oedema).

The brain’s ability to regulate its blood flow and pressure is compromised following the initial concussion, making it vulnerable to catastrophic swelling after a subsequent impact. Symptoms can escalate quickly, often within minutes, including loss of consciousness, severe headache, dilated pupils, respiratory failure and even death. Young athletes are especially vulnerable to SIS. Due to its rapid progression and severity, SIS is considered a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.

Preventing SIS involves strictly adhering to concussion management protocols, ensuring full recovery after any head injury and carefully monitoring symptoms before returning to sports or high-risk activities.

Addressing Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

Dr Viljoen says CTE is a long-term degenerative brain condition linked to repeated head impacts. ‘CTE is challenging because currently, it can only be definitively diagnosed after death.  However, ongoing research aims to develop methods to detect CTE in living patients, potentially using advanced imaging techniques like Positron Emission Tomography (PET).’ Most research is focused on advancing non-invasive methods to see what is happening inside the brain of a living person and to track it over time.

Common causes of head injuries in rugby

  • These primarily arise from the high-impact nature of the sport, with tackling identified as a significant risk factor. Tackling, particularly when performed incorrectly or at a dangerous height, frequently leads to head trauma. Young players are especially vulnerable as their tackling techniques may not yet be fully developed, increasing the likelihood of injury. Teaching safe and correct tackling methods early is a way to mitigate these risks
  • Rugby’s dynamic gameplay often results in players being brought down forcefully or falling awkwardly. Even with protective gear, the impact of the head striking the playing surface can lead to concussions or more severe trauma
  • Due to the speed and intensity of the game, unintended impacts between players are inevitable. These include clashes of heads or impacts from knees and elbows, which can result in injuries ranging from mild concussions to more severe brain injuries. Preventative strategies and safer playing practices can reduce these risks

Prevention remains critical

Dr Viljoen emphasises the importance of proper training: ‘Educating young players on safe tackling techniques and enforcing protective protocols significantly reduces injury risks. Protective gear like headguards can minimise superficial injuries, though it does not prevent concussions.’

He also stresses the importance of concussion protocols. ‘Coaches at schools and clubs must rigorously apply concussion management strategies, ensuring players are adequately assessed and cleared by medical professionals before returning to the field.’ Under-reporting in schoolboy ruby often occurs because the player either wants to stay in the game and/or doesn’t recognise the symptoms of concussion.

Dr Viljoen concludes, ‘Rugby is a fantastic sport for building teamwork and resilience but player safety must always come first. Through awareness, timely medical intervention and proper preventative strategies, we can significantly reduce the risk and severity of head injuries, allowing young athletes to safely enjoy the game they love.’

Categories : Injury & Trauma Regenerative MedicineTags :

Controlling Fibrosis with the Right Mechanical Forces

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Photo by Kampus Production: https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-in-blue-and-black-crew-neck-shirt-8638036/

The cells in human bodies are subject to both chemical and mechanical forces. But until recently, scientists have not understood much about how to manipulate the mechanical side of that equation. That’s about to change.

“This is a major breakthrough in our ability to be able to control the cells that drive fibrosis,” said Guy Genin, professor of mechanical engineering in the McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, whose research was just published in Nature Materials.

Fibrosis is an affliction wherein cells produce excess fibrous tissue. Fibroblast cells do this to close wounds, but the process can cascade in unwanted places. Examples include cardiac fibrosis; kidney or liver fibrosis, which precedes cancer; and pulmonary fibrosis, which can cause major scarring and breathing difficulties. Every soft tissue in the human body, even the brain, has the potential for cells to start going through a wound-healing cascade when they’re not supposed to, according to Genin.

The problem has both chemical and mechanical roots, but mechanical forces seem to play an outsized role. WashU researchers sought to harness the power of these mechanical forces, using a strategic pull and tug in the right mix of directions to tell the cell to shut off its loom of excess fibre.

In the newly published research, Genin and colleagues outline some of those details, including how to intervene in tension fields at the right time to control how cells behave.

“The direction of the tension these cells apply matters a lot in terms of their activation state,” said Nathaniel Huebsch, an associate professor of biomedical engineering at McKelvey Engineering and co-senior author of the research, along with Genin and Vivek Shenoy at the University of Pennsylvania.

The forces

The human body is constantly in motion, so it should come as no surprise that force can encode function in cells. But what forces, how much force and in which direction are some of the questions that the Center for Engineering MechanoBiology examines.

“The magnitude of tension will affect what the cell does,” Huebsch said. But tension can go in many different directions. “The discovery that we present in this paper is that the way stress pulls in different directions makes a difference with the cell,” he added.

Pulling in multiple directions in a nonuniform manner, called tension anisotropy (imagine a taffy pull) is a key force in kicking off fibrosis, the researchers found.

“We’re showing, for the first time, using a structure with a tissue, we’re able to stop cell cytoskeletons from going down a pathway that will cause contraction and eventual fibrosis,” Genin said.

Huebsch, who pioneered microscopic models and scaffolds for testing these tension fields that act on cells, explained that tentacle-like microtubules establish tension by emerging and casting out in a direction. Collagen around the cell pulls back on that tubule and becomes aligned with it.

“We discovered that if you could disrupt the microtubules, you would disrupt that whole organization and you would potentially disrupt fibrosis,” Huebsch said.

And, though this research was about understanding what goes wrong to cause fibrosis, there is still much to learn about what goes right with fibroblasts, connective tissue cells, especially in the heart, he added.

 “In tissues where fibroblasts are typically well aligned, what is stopping them from activating to that wound-healing state?” Huebsch asked.

Personalised treatment plans

Along with finding ways to prevent or treat fibrosis, Genin and Huebsch said doctors can look for ways to apply this new knowledge about the importance of mechanical stress to treatment of injuries or burns. The findings could help address the high fail rate for treatments of elderly patients with injuries that require reattaching tendon to bone or skin to skin.

For instance, in rotator cuff injuries, there is compelling evidence that patients must start moving their arm to recover function, but equally compelling evidence that patients should immobilise the arm for better recovery. The answer might depend on the amount of collagen a patient produces and the stress fields at play at the recovery site.

By understanding the multidirectional stress fields’ impact on the cell structure, doctors may be able to look at specific patients’ repair and determine a personalised treatment plan.

For instance, a patient who has biaxial stress coming from two directions at the site of injury will potentially need to exercise more to trigger cell repair, Genin said. However, another patient showing signs of uniaxial stress, meaning stress is pulling only one direction, any movement could over-activate cells, so in that case, the patient should keep the injury immobilised. All that and more is still to be worked out and confirmed, but Genin is excited to begin.

“The next generation of disease we’re going to be conquering are diseases of mechanics,” Genin said.

Source: Washington University in St. Louis

Categories : Ethics and Law Injury & Trauma NeurologyTags :

New AI Tool for TBI Investigations in Forensics and Law Enforcement

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Photo by Tom Jur on Unsplash

A study led by University of Oxford researchers has developed an advanced physics-based AI-driven tool to aid traumatic brain injury (TBI) investigations in forensics and law enforcement. The findings have been published in Communications Engineering.

TBI is a critical public health issue, with severe and long-term neurological consequences. In forensic investigations, determining whether an impact could have caused a reported injury is crucial for legal proceedings, yet there is currently no standardised, quantifiable approach to do this. The new study demonstrates how machine learning tools informed by mechanistic simulations could provide evidence-based injury predictions. This would help police and forensic teams accurately predict TBI outcomes based on documented assault scenarios.

The study’s AI framework, trained on real, anonymised police reports and forensic data, achieved remarkable prediction accuracy for TBI-related injuries:

  • 94% accuracy for skull fractures
  • 79% accuracy for loss of consciousness
  • 79% accuracy for intracranial haemorrhage

In each case, the model showed high specificity and high sensitivity (a low rate of false positive and false negative results).

This research represents a significant step forward in forensic biomechanics. By leveraging AI and physics-based simulations, we can provide law enforcement with an unprecedented tool to assess TBIs objectively.

The framework uses a general computational mechanistic model of the head and neck, designed to simulate how different types of impacts—such as punches, slaps, or strikes against a flat surface—affect various regions. This provides a basic prediction of whether an impact is likely to cause tissue deformation or stress. However, it does not predict on its own any risk of injury. This is done by an upper AI layer which incorporates this information with any additional relevant metadata, such as the victim’s age and height, before providing a prediction for a given injury.

Lead researcher Antoine Jérusalem, Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford

The researchers trained the overall framework on 53 anonymised real police reports of assault cases. Each report included information about a range of factors which could affect the blow’s severity (e.g., age, sex, body build of the victim/offender). This resulted in a model capable of integrating mechanical biophysical data with forensic details to predict the likelihood of different injuries occurring.

When the researchers assessed which factors had the most influence on the predictive value for each type of injury, the results were remarkably consistent with medical findings. For instance, when predicting the likelihood of skull fracture, the most important factor was the highest amount of stress experienced by the scalp and skull during an impact. Similarly, the strongest predictor of loss of consciousness was the stress metrics for the brainstem.

Understanding brain injuries using innovative technology to support a police investigation, previously reliant on limited information, will greatly enhance the interpretation required from a medical perspective to support prosecutions.

Ms Sonya Baylis, Senior Manager at the National Crime Agency

The research team insists that the model is not intended to replace the involvement of human forensic and clinical experts in investigating assault cases. Rather, the intention is to provide an objective estimate of the probability that a documented assault was the true cause of a reported injury. The model could also be used as a tool to identify high-risk situations, improve risk assessments, and develop preventive strategies to reduce the occurrence and severity of head injuries.

Lead researcher Antoine Jérusalem, Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the Department of Engineering Science at the University of Oxford said: ‘Our framework will never be able to identify without doubt the culprit who caused an injury. All it can do is tell you whether the information provided to it is correlated with a certain outcome. Since the quality of the output depends on the quality of the information fed into the model, having detailed witness statements is still crucial.’

Dr Michael Jones, Researcher at Cardiff University, and Forensics Consultant, said: ‘An “Achilles heel” of forensic medicine is the assessment of whether a witnessed or inferred mechanism of injury, often the force, matches the observed injuries. With the application of machine learning, each additional case contributes to the overall understanding of the association between the mechanism of cause, primary injury, pathophysiology and outcome.’

The study ‘A mechanics-informed machine learning framework for traumatic brain injury prediction in police and forensic investigations’ has been published in Communications Engineering. It was conducted by an interdisciplinary team of engineers, forensic specialists, and medical professionals from the University of Oxford, Thames Valley Police, the National Crime Agency, Cardiff University, Lurtis Ltd., the John Radcliffe Hospital and other partner institutions.

Source: University of Oxford

Categories : Injury & Trauma Metabolic DisordersTags :

Time of Injury Matters: Circadian Rhythms Affect Muscle Repair

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Photo by Mat Napo on Unsplash

Circadian rhythms doesn’t just dictate when we sleep — it also determines how quickly our muscles heal. A new Northwestern Medicine study in mice, published in Science Advances, suggests that muscle injuries heal faster when they occur during the body’s natural waking hours.

The findings could have implications for shift workers and may also prove useful in understanding the effects of aging and obesity, said senior author Clara Peek, assistant professor of biochemistry and molecular genetics at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.

The study also may help explain how disruptions like jetlag and daylight saving time changes impact circadian rhythms and muscle recovery.

“In each of our cells, we have genes that form the molecular circadian clock,” Peek said. “These clock genes encode a set of transcription factors that regulate many processes throughout the body and align them with the appropriate time of day. Things like sleep/wake behaviour, metabolism, body temperature and hormones — all these are circadian.”

How the study was conducted

Previous research from the Peek laboratory found that mice regenerated muscle tissues faster when the damage occurred during their normal waking hours. When mice experienced muscle damage during their usual sleeping hours, healing was slowed.

In the current study, Peek and her collaborators sought to better understand how circadian clocks within muscle stem cells govern regeneration depending on the time of day.

For the study, Peek and her collaborators performed single-cell sequencing of injured and uninjured muscles in mice at different times of the day. They found that the time of day influenced inflammatory response levels in stem cells, which signal to neutrophils — the “first responder” innate immune cells in muscle regeneration.

“We discovered that the cells’ signalling to each other was much stronger right after injury when mice were injured during their wake period,” Peek said. “That was an exciting finding and is further evidence that the circadian regulation of muscle regeneration is dictated by this stem cell-immune cell crosstalk.”

The scientists found that the muscle stem cell clock also affected the post-injury production of NAD+, a coenzyme found in all cells that is essential to creating energy in the body and is involved in hundreds of metabolic processes.

Next, using a genetically manipulated mouse model, which boosted NAD+ production specifically in muscle stem cells, the team of scientists found that NAD+ induces inflammatory responses and neutrophil recruitment, promoting muscle regeneration.  

Why it matters

The findings may be especially relevant to understanding the circadian rhythm disruptions that occur in aging and obesity, Peek said.

“Circadian disruptions linked to aging and metabolic syndromes like obesity and diabetes are also associated with diminished muscle regeneration,” Peek said. “Now, we are able to ask: do these circadian disruptions contribute to poorer muscle regeneration capacity in these conditions? How does that interact with the immune system?”

What’s next

Moving forward, Peek and her collaborators hope to identify exactly how NAD+ induces immune responses and how these responses are altered in disease.

“A lot of circadian biology focuses on molecular clocks in individual cell types and in the absence of stress,” Peek said. “We haven’t had the technology to sufficiently look at cell-cell interactions until recently. Trying to understand how different circadian clocks interact in conditions of stress and regeneration, is really an exciting new frontier.”

Source: Northwestern University

Categories : Injury & Trauma Surgeries & ProceduresTags :

Engineered Cartilage from Nasal Septum Cells helps Treat Complex Knee Injuries

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Researchers grow cartilage replacements from cells of the nasal septum to repair cartilage injuries in the knee. (Photo: University of Basel, Christian Flierl)

An unlucky fall while skiing or playing football can spell the end of sports activities. Damage to articular cartilage does not heal by itself and increases the risk of osteoarthritis. Researchers at the University of Basel and the University Hospital Basel have now shown that even complex cartilage injuries can be repaired with replacement cartilage engineered from cells taken from the nasal septum.

A team at the Department of Biomedicine led by Professor Ivan Martin, Dr Marcus Mumme and Professor Andrea Barbero has been developing this method for several years. It involves extracting the cells from a tiny piece of the patient’s nasal septum cartilage and then allowing them to multiply in the laboratory on a scaffold made of soft fibres. Finally, the newly grown cartilage is cut into the required shape and implanted into the knee joint.

Earlier studies have already shown promising results. “Nasal septum cartilage cells have particular characteristics that are ideally suited to cartilage regeneration,” explains Professor Martin. For example, it has emerged that these cells can counteract inflammation in the joints.

More mature cartilage shows better results

In a clinical trial involving 98 participants at clinics in four countries, the researchers compared two experimental approaches. One group received cartilage grafts that had matured in the lab for only two days before implantation – similar to other cartilage replacement products. For the other group, the grafts were allowed to mature for two weeks. During this time, the tissue acquires characteristics similar to native cartilage.

For 24 months after the procedure, the participants self-assessed their well-being and the functionality of the treated knee through questionnaires. The results, published in the scientific journal Science Translational Medicine, showed a clear improvement in both groups. However, patients who received more mature engineered cartilage continued to improve even in the second year following the procedure, overtaking the group with less mature cartilage grafts.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) further revealed that the more mature cartilage grafts resulted in better tissue composition at the site of the implant, and even of the neighbouring cartilage. “The longer period of prior maturation is worthwhile,” emphasizes Anke Wixmerten, co-lead author of the study. The additional maturation time of the implant, she points out, only requires a slight increase in effort and manufacturing costs, and gives much better results.

Particularly suited to larger and more complex cartilage injuries

“It is noteworthy that patients with larger injuries benefit from cartilage grafts with longer prior maturation periods,” says Professor Barbero. This also applies, he says, to cases in which previous cartilage treatments with other techniques have been unsuccessful.

“Our study did not include a direct comparison with current treatments,” admits Professor Martin. “However, if we look at the results from standard questionnaires, patients treated with our approach achieved far higher long-term scores in joint functionality and quality of life.”

Based on these and earlier findings, the researchers now plan to test this method for treating osteoarthritis – an inflammatory disease that causes joint cartilage degeneration, resulting in chronic pain and disability.

Two large-scale clinical studies, funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the EU research framework programme Horizon Europe, are about to begin. These studies will explore the technique’s effectiveness in treating a specific form of osteoarthritis affecting the kneecaps (ie, patellofemoral osteoarthritis). The activities will further develop in Basel the field of cellular therapies, strategically defined as a priority area for research and innovation at the University of Basel and University Hospital Basel.

Source: University of Basel

Categories : Injury & Trauma NeurologyTags :

Promising Findings in Testing Nasal Spray for TBI Treatment

On By ModernMedia
Source: CC0

A new study led by researchers at Mass General Brigham suggests a nasal spray developed to target neuroinflammation could one day be an effective treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI). By studying the effects of the nasal anti-CD3 in a mouse model of TBI, researchers found the spray could reduce damage to the central nervous system and behavioural deficits, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for TBI and other acute forms of brain injury. The results are published in Nature Neuroscience.

“Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability – including cognitive decline – and chronic inflammation is one of the key reasons,” said lead author Saef Izzy, MD, FNCS, FAAN, a neurologist and head of the Immunology of Brain Injury Program at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, a founding member of the Mass General Brigham healthcare system. “Currently, there is no treatment to prevent the long-term effects of traumatic brain injury.”

The study examines the monoclonal antibody Foralumab, made by Tiziana, which has been tested in clinical trials for patients with multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and other conditions.

“This opens up a whole new area of research and treatment in traumatic brain injury, something that’s almost impossible to treat,” said senior author Howard Weiner, MD, co-director of the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “It also means this could work in intracerebral hemorrhage and other stroke patients with brain injury.”

Multiple experiments were done in mouse models with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury to explore the communication between regulatory cells induced by the nasal treatment and the microglial immune cells in the brain. Over time, researchers were able to identify how they modulate immune response.

“Modulating the neuroinflammatory response correlated with improved neurological outcomes, including less anxiety, cognitive decline, and improved motor skills,” Izzy said.

In addition to assessing the effects of the treatment, the research team was able to learn about immune response over time and compare the immune responses and effects of TBI in the mice.

The next step in the research is to translate the findings from preclinical models to human patients.

“Our patients with traumatic brain injury still don’t have an effective therapeutic to improve their outcomes, so this is a very promising and exciting time to move forward with something that’s backed up with solid science and get it to patients’ bedsides,” said Izzy.

Once in the clinical setting, Weiner said the hope is this treatment could be used on a variety of traumatic brain injury patients, including football players with repetitive concussions. 

“We envision giving a nasal spray right there on the sidelines,” said Weiner. “It isn’t something we can do yet, but we see the potential.”

Source: Mass General Brigham