Tag: sex differences

Categories : GenderTags :

Sex-differentiation Genes Also Contribute to Disease Risks

On By ModernMedia
Man and woman about to sprint
Source: Andrea Piacquadio on Pexels

Some physical traits that differ between sexes are known to be linked to certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) outside the X and Y chromosomes. New research now suggests that many of these ‘sex-heterogenous’ SNPs also contribute to a person’s risk for a variety of diseases. Michela Traglia and colleagues at the University of California San Francisco presented their findings in PLOS Genetics.

Millions of SNPs are in each genome, with each SNP representing a difference in a certain DNA building block in a particular stretch of DNA. Many associations have been uncovered between certain SNPs and people’s distinct traits. Understanding SNPs has a number of applications, such as predicting individual treatment effectiveness or disease risks.

Traglia and colleagues previously found that SNPs associated with certain differences in physical traits between men and women, such as waist-hip ratio and basal metabolic rate, may also affect the biology of autism spectrum disorder and other complex diseases. Building on this work with two large genomic datasets, the identified an updated list of 2320 sex-heterogeneous SNPs.

Analysis of these SNPs revealed that they are also associated with a variety of health-related traits and diseases, some with strong sex bias and some without, including schizophrenia, type 2 diabetes, anorexia, heart failure, and ADHD.

These SNPs are located in stretches of DNA that are either within or near genes involved in skeletal and muscle development in a growing embryo. In addition, these SNPs appear to play a role in regulating gene expression and DNA methylation, which are fundamental processes by which a person’s DNA is translated into their distinct biology and traits.

Overall, the researchers conclude that the identified SNPs play a role in early-life biological processes shaping sex-distinct traits and which also affect health and disease risk later in life. More work is needed to understand the mechanisms behind these sex-heterogeneous SNPs.

“We found that genetic alleles with differing effects on measured physical traits in men and women also play an outsized role in health risks,” remarked study co-author Lauren Weiss. “We hope this work helps us to understand the genetic underpinnings of sexual dimorphism and its relationship with both early development and later disease risk.”

Source: EurekAlert!

Categories : Diseases, Syndromes and Conditions GenderTags :

Sex Differences in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Explained

On By ModernMedia
Toilet sign male and female
Photo by Tim Mossholder on Unsplash

Investigators may have discovered the reason why fewer women than men develop nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). They published their findings in Nature Communications.

One of the most common disorders globally, NAFLD is a leading cause of death worldwide. Its progressive form, ‘nonalcoholic steatohepatitis’ (NASH), affects about 30% of all NAFLD patients, and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Despite intensive research, the underlying mechanisms of NAFLD/NASH are still poorly understood and effective treatment is lacking as a result.

However, it is known that NAFLD/NASH is more common among men than women, especially premenopausal women. The reasons for this are still unclear, but evidence so far suggests that oestrogen plays a protective role. On the other hand, the protein formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is known to play an important role in mediating inflammatory responses in multiple organs. However, no study so far has determined its role in the liver. Could FPR2 be involved in the sex-related differences regarding NAFLD prevalence and severity?

Addressing this question, a research team led by Professor Youngmi Jung of Pusan National University, Korea, recently conducted a study using mice model, shedding light on the role of FPR2 in NAFLD/NASH and its relationship to the observed sex-based differences. This work is among the very few studies on NAFLD that relies on sex-balanced animal experiments rather than the more common male-only designs.

The researchers first found that Fpr2 was highly expressed in healthy livers of female mice. Furthermore, it was expressed differently in the livers of male and female mice that were fed a special NAFLD-inducing diet. Silencing the Fpr2 gene made the male and female mice equally vulnerable to NAFLD, suggesting that FPR2 has a protective effect on the liver.

Interestingly, the researchers also found that FPR2 production in the liver is mediated by oestrogen. Males supplemented with external oestrogen produced more Fpr2 and were more resistant to NAFLD, whereas females that had their ovaries removed exhibited reduced liver Fpr2 levels. “Taken together, our findings suggest that FPR2 is a potential therapeutic target for developing pharmacological agents to treat NAFLD/NASH,” says Prof Jung. “In addition, our results could help in the development of gender-based therapies for NASH.”

This unprecedented discovery of the female-specific production of FPR2 in the liver and its role in providing resistance against NAFLD/NASH will hopefully pave the way not only for novel treatments but also a more comprehensive and sex-aware approach when doing science. Prof Jung remarked on this: “Our research highlights the pressing need for designing and developing better sex-balanced animal experiments, considering that the sex-specific expression of FPR2 in the liver had been completely overlooked in previous studies.”

Source: Pusan National University